later years

• War, plague and harvest failure weakened her reign

• Deterioration of gov, deaths of councilers- Dudley 1549

  • Elizabeth came into grief, locked herself in room for days

• Walsingham died 1590, Christopher Hatton 1591, Cecil 1598

  • Elizabeth become more grumpy and erratic, less suitable to rule England

• 1601 earl of Essex lead rebellion, escalated from rivalry between Robert Devereux (earl of Essex) and Robert Cecil

• Cecil trained by father William- shrewd politician, lots of responsibility

• Essex disliked rise to power, Robert Dudley’s stepson + opposite in character

  • Bad temper, insulting the queen over refusal to promote on of his favourites, she punched him- expulsion from court

• Asked to put down rebellion in Ireland in 1598, made peace instead

• When returned, discovered Cecil had been promoted again, stormed into Elizabeths chambers

  • Serious sign of disrespect, banned from court and sent to house arrest

  • Lost all of his wealth, left broken man

• Began gathering supporters and arms, rumours reached Elizabeth, refused to go back to court to answer questions

  • 4 members of privy council sent to arrest him

  • Captured them and took them hostage, began marching through London

• Many supporters began to waiver, offered pardon, deserted, route to queen blocked only last 12 hours

  • Arrested and charged with treason, 25th Feb 1601 executed Tower of London

• War, plague, and harvest failures weakened Elizabeth's reign.

• Government deterioration, deaths of councilors (Dudley in 1549).

• Elizabeth isolated herself after grief.

• Major councilors died: Walsingham (1590), Hatton (1591), Cecil (1598).

• Elizabeth became grumpy and erratic, less suitable to rule.

• 1601: Earl of Essex, Robert Devereux, led a rebellion, stemming from rivalry with Robert Cecil.

• Cecil was a trained, shrewd politician.

• Essex, Dudley’s stepson, disliked Cecil's rise to power.

• Bad temper led to insult of queen; punched by Elizabeth and expelled from court.

• In 1598, tasked with suppressing rebellion in Ireland, made peace instead.

• Returned to find Cecil promoted again, showed disrespect by storming into Elizabeth's chambers.

• Banned from court, placed under house arrest, lost all wealth.

• Gathered supporters, captured privy council members who tried to arrest him, marched through London.

• Supporters waivered; offered pardon, retreated as escape route blocked.

• Arrested and charged with treason; executed on February 25, 1601, at the Tower of London.

Elizabeth's reign was weakened by war, plague, and harvest failures, alongside the deaths of key councilors (Dudley in 1549, Walsingham in 1590, Hatton in 1591, and Cecil in 1598). These events led to her becoming grumpy and less suitable to rule. In 1601, Robert Devereux, the Earl of Essex, led a rebellion driven by rivalry with Cecil. Essex, Dudley’s stepson, expressed hatred for Cecil’s rise to power and insulted the queen, resulting in his expulsion. He failed in 1598 to suppress a rebellion in Ireland instead of making peace. Upon his return, he stormed into Elizabeth's chambers after finding Cecil promoted, which led to his banishment and house arrest. He gathered supporters, took council members hostage, but ultimately faced desertion and was arrested for treason, being executed on February 25, 1601, at the Tower of London.