Biology 1107 - Lab Exam II Review Notes

Fungi

• Kingdom: Fungi

  • Phylum Chytridiomycota

  • Recognize male and female of the genus Allomyces.

  • Phylum Zygomycota

  • Rhizopus (black bread mold):

    • Identify structures:

    • Sporangia

    • Sporangiophore

    • Sporangiophores (asexual spores)

    • Zygospore

    • Hyphae (sexual spores)

  • Phylum Basidiomycota

  • Know classification of spores:

    • Sexual: Basidiospores

    • Asexual: Conidia and other spore types

  • Identify structures in:

    • Coprinus: basidia and basidiospores

    • Mushroom: gills under stereomicroscope

    • Puccinia: telium, teliospores, urediniospores

  • Phylum Ascomycota

  • Know spores:

    • Sexual: Ascospores

    • Asexual: Conidia

  • Identify in:

    • Saccharomyces (yeast): mother cell and buds (wet mount)

    • Aspergillus and Penicillium: conidia and conidiophore

    • Peziza: ascus and ascospores

• Lichens: Mutualistic symbiosis between fungi and cyanobacteria;

  • Recognize types:

  • Crustose

  • Foliose

  • Fruticose

Seedless Plants

• Kingdom: Plantae (Bryophytes)

  • Mnium Moss:

  • Live and preserved leafy gametophyte and sporophyte stages:

    • Identify:

    • Capsule and stalk on sporophyte

    • Archegonia and antheridia on gametophyte

  • Mnium Moss - Microscope Preparations:

  • Antheridia: Identify entire antheridiophore, antheridia, sterile jacket, sperm, and stalk.

  • Archegonia: Identify the entire archegonia, archegoniophore, neck, egg, and stalk.

  • Polytrichum:

  • Identify ops from sporophyte: operculum, capsule, spores, seta.

• Marchantia Liverwort:

  • Live and preserved gametophyte stage:

  • Identify:

    • Gemma Cup

    • Thallus and rhizoids

    • Archegoniophore and antheridiophore

  • Marchantia - Microscope Slides:

  • Archegonia: Identify archegoniophore, archegonia, neck, egg.

  • Antheridia: Identify antheridium, sperm, sperm exit canal, stalk.

  • Sporophyte: Identify foot, seta, sporangium.

Seedless Vascular Plants

• Kingdom: Plantae (Seedless Vascular Plants)

  • Phylum Lycophyta:

  • Club Moss (Lycopodiales):

    • Identify:

    • Rhizome, root, aerial stem, strobili, and tiny leaves (Microphylls).

  • Slide Cross Section:

    • Identify sporangium with spores.

  • Phylum Pterophyta (Ferns):

  • Identify structures from preserved and fresh specimens:

    • Frond, fiddlehead, rhizome, sorus.

  • Slides:

    • Fern life cycle: young sporophyte growing out of prothallus.

    • Gametophyte: prothallus, rhizoids, antheridia, archegonia.

    • Indusium: Identify indusium, sporangia, and leaf body.

Seeded Vascular Plants

• Gymnosperms:

  • Phylum Ginkgophyta:

  • Genus Ginkgo: Identify leaf, staminate cone, ovulate cone.

  • Phylum Cycadophyta:

  • Genus Cycad: Identify male (staminate) and female (ovulate) cones, sporophyte.

  • Phylum Coniferophyta:

  • Genus Pinus:

    • Identify parts of young ovulate cone (female): woody scales, umbo, ovule/seed.

    • Identify male staminate cone: microsporophyll, microsporangia, pollen grains.

  • Microscope Slides:

    • Pinus: male cone cross section—identify microsporophyll, microsporangia, pollen grains.

    • Pinus: female cone cross section—identify bract, megaspore mother cell, megasporophyll, megasporangia, ovuliferous scale.

    • Pinus leaf (three-needle): identify xylem, phloem, resin canal, epidermis, endodermis, cuticle, sunken stomata.

    • Germinated pollen: identify pollen tube.

Flowering Plants

• Organization of Flowering Plants:

  • Living Plant (Tomato): Identify blade, petiole, node, internode, apical buds, shoot system, root system.

• Plant Tissues:

  • Slides of:

  • Pyrus: parenchyma and sclereids (cells).

  • Acer: fibers and vessel elements (cells).

  • Pinus: tracheids (cells).

• Seeds and Embryo:

  • Corn Kernel (Zea maize):

  • Identify endosperm, scutellum, ovary wall, coleoptile, shoot apex, root apex, coleorhiza.

  • Germinated Pinto Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris):

  • Identify cotyledons, root apex, shoot apex, micropyle, hilum, seed coat.

• Roots and Stems:

  • Roots:

  • Differences between monocot and dicot roots:

    • Ranunculus: dicot structure.

    • Smilax: monocot structure.

    • Root systems (taproots vs. fibrous roots).

    • Identify alternate roots (prop, buttress, pneumatophores, aerial).

  • Stems:

  • Differences between monocot and dicot stems:

    • Helianthus: dicot.

    • Zea: monocot.

    • Tilia: woody dicot, identify layers and regions (bark, cambium, xylem).

Leaves and Flowers

• Leaves:

  • Zea Leaf: monocot structure identification.

  • Ligustrum Leaf: dicot structure identification.

  • Types of leaves:**

  • Simple, pinnately compound, palmately compound.

  • Leaf venation (Monocots: parallel; Eudicots: netted).

• Flowers:

  • Identify flower parts (models): calyx, corolla, stamen, pistil.

  • Identify fruit types (simple, aggregate, multiple; dry vs. fleshy; dehiscent vs. indehiscent).

  • Germinated Seeds:

  • Dicot and monocot seedlings identification.

Plant Responses

• Examples of positive and negative geotropism and phototropism;

• Explain changes through auxin distribution;

• Recognize altered growth in etiolated plants.