World History Review Notes

6.1 Agricultural and Technological Innovations Leading to Industrialization in Great Britain

  • Agricultural Innovations

    • Crop Rotation:

      • Rotating crops to replenish nutrients in the soil, increasing agricultural output.

    • Enclosures:

      • Consolidation of land by wealthy landowners, displacing small farmers and increasing agricultural efficiency.

    • Seed Drill:

      • Invented by Jethro Tull, planting seeds in rows and at specific depths, improving crop yields.

    • Spinning Jenny:

      • An early spinning machine that allowed for faster and more efficient production of textiles.

  • Technological Innovations

    • Steam Engine:

      • Invented by James Watt, used to power machinery in factories and transportation.

    • Locomotive:

      • Steam-powered train used for transportation of goods and people.

    • Electricity:

      • A new form of energy that revolutionized industries and daily life.

    • Internal Combustion Engine:

      • An engine that generates power by burning fuel inside the engine, enabling new forms of transportation and machinery.

6.2 Social and Economic Effects of the Industrial Revolution

  • Social Effects (S) and Economic Effects (E)

    • Emergence of an Upper Middle Class (E):

      • Made up of successful industrialists, bankers, and merchants.

    • Industrial Working Class (E, S):

      • Lower status, low wages, and living in dirty tenements or low-rent apartment buildings.

    • Wealth Increase in Industrialized Countries (E):

      • Resulting from increased production of goods.

    • Reforms in the Late 1800s (E, S):

      • Building codes and sanitation regulations to address terrible living conditions in cities, reducing epidemic diseases and improving public health.

    • Strengthened Ties Between Industrial and Non-Industrial Countries (E):

      • Non-industrial countries supplied industrial countries with raw materials.

    • Urbanization (E, S):

      • Displaced farmers moving to urban centers looking for work in factories.

    • White-Collared Workers in the Middle Class (S):

      • Including traveling salespeople, bookkeepers, telephone operators, department store salespeople, and secretaries.

    • Workers Organizing into Unions (S):

      • To improve working conditions, using strikes as a key tool to pressure employers.

8.6 Background for the Establishment of the Modern State of Israel in 1948

  • Long-Term Causes of the Establishment of a Jewish State

    • Anti-Semitism:

      • Hostility or prejudice against Jewish people.

    • Examples of Anti-Semitism in Europe in the Late 1800s:

      • Programs in Eastern Europe: Organized massacres and persecution of Jews.

      • Discrimination in Western Europe: Social and economic exclusion.

      • Holocaust: The systematic genocide of Jews during World War II.

    • Zionism:

      • The goal to create an independent Jewish state in Palestine.

    • Theodor Herzl:

      • Helped to grow Zionism by publishing his pamphlet, "The Jewish State."

Topic 10: The Age of Imperialism

  • 6.6 Causes and Effects of Imperialism

    • Definition of Imperialism:

      • One country seeks to dominate others.

    • Causes of Imperialism

      • Economic: Desire for resources.

      • Political: Project power internationally.

      • Social:

        • Social Darwinism: Belief that strong cultures should control others.

      • Religious: Spread of Christianity with missionaries.

    • Nature of Imperialism

      • Direct Rule:

        • Uses force to overthrow local leaders and govern directly.

      • Indirect Rule:

        • Uses local leaders as governors.

      • Sphere of Influence:

        • Controlling trade in a specific area.

6.4 19th and Early 20th Century Social and Political Reforms

  • Ottoman Empire

    • Young Turks sought an independent Turkish state based on western values.

  • France

    • Louis-Napoleon (III) elected by universal male suffrage.

    • Later declared himself emperor.

  • United States

    • Nationalism and Reform

    • Pressure by abolitionists to end the practice of slavery led to the Civil War and the eventual end to the practice of slavery.

  • Austrian Empire

    • Dual-monarchy with Hungary gave Hungarians more representation in the government.

  • Russia

    • After the loss of the Crimean War, the czar made some reforms including freeing the serfs.

6.5 Unification of Italy and Germany

  • Nationalism Definition:

    • Desire to form a unified and independent state.

  • Germany

    • Causes:

      • Growing industry and military.

      • War with Austria and France.

    • Events:

      • Formation of modern Germany (1870).

    • Effects:

      • Otto von Bismarck (Chancellor).

      • Wilhelm I (Kaiser).

  • Italy

    • Causes:

      • Demands for political and social reform.

    • Events:

      • Southern "Red Shirts" surrender to North.

      • Suffolted by France

      • Formed Modern Italy (1870)

    • People:

      • Giuseppe Garibaldi (South).

      • Camillo de Cavour (North).

      • King Emmanuel I victory.

9.1 Major Scientific Figures and Breakthroughs of the 20th Century

  • Marie Curie

    • French scientist who discovered the element radium.

    • Found that atoms could give off energy - radiation.

  • Albert Einstein

    • German-born scientist.

    • Put forth the theory of relativity, which stated space and time are not absolute but relative to the observer.

    • Explained that matter was another form of energy and theorized the vast energy contained within the atom.

  • Wright Brothers

    • American inventors.

    • Used the power of the internal combustion engine to carry out the first flight in a fixed-wing aircraft at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, in 1903.

  • Sigmund Freud

    • German doctor who put forth theories of the human mind.

    • Explained that human behavior was influenced by past experiences.

    • Explored how to unlock repressed thoughts to heal mental conditions.

5.7 19th Century Latin American and Caribbean Independence Movements

  • Haiti

    • Cause: Slave Rebellion 1839.

    • Leaders: Toussaint L'Ouverture.

    • Effect: Independence from France.

  • Mexico

    • Cause: Inspired by French Revolution.

    • Leaders: Miguel Hidalgo Y Costilla.

    • Effect: Independence from Spain.

  • South America

    • Cause: War of Independence 1821.

    • Leaders: Simon Bolivar d Jose de San Martin Scr.

    • Effect: Independence from Spain.

6.3 Philosophies of Capitalism, Socialism, and Communism

  • Adam Smith

    • Scottish philosopher; wrote "The Wealth of Nations."

    • Capitalism: Private ownership of the means of production.

    • Laissez-faire economics: The government should NOT impose regulations on economic activity.

  • Robert Owen

    • British cotton manufacturer.

    • Utopian Socialism: Society/government owns the means of production, such as factories and utilities.

  • Karl Marx

    • German philosopher; wrote "The Communist Manifesto" with Friedrich Engels.

    • Communism: Collective ownership of the means of production.

    • Predicted a violent class struggle between the bourgeoisie (middle class) and the proletariat (workers), leading to the workers gaining control and the eventual elimination of social classes and the state itself.

6.4 19th and Early 20th Century Social and Political Reforms (Continued)

  • Suffrage for Women

    • Women's right to vote.

    • Important people/groups:

      • Emmeline Pankhurst (British).

      • Seneca Falls: First women's rights convention (U.S.).

  • Child Labor in England

    • Limited hours children worked.

    • Laws:

      • Factory Act (1833).

      • Mines Act (1842).