A&P module 3 Cells and Tissues Module Review

Tonicity – Affect fluid volume in a cell.

Osmolarity – The measure of solute concentration per unit volume in a solvent

Hypertonic – Higher concentration of solutes compared with the fluid within the cell.

Hypotonic – Lower concentration of solute compared with the fluid within the cell.

Isotonic – Concentration of solutes in the same as it in within the cell.

Osmotic pressure – The water pressure that develops from osmosis.

Differentiation- rise to a different type of tissue.

Matrix – consist of varying kinds and amounts of protein fibers and fluids. Matrix may also be gel like, flexible, tough, or even fragile

Tissues – Groups of cells that perform a common function.

Phagocytosis – Engulfs a solid substance and brings it into the cell.

Facilitated diffusion – Molecules needs help to move across the cell membrane.

Semi-permeable – it a layer that only certain molecules can pass though.

Mitosis – Main focus of a cell’s life cycle, when the cell splits into two identical daughter cells.

Stem cells – can differentiate into many types of cells, such as liver cells, skin cells, or blood cells.

Be able to identify the structure of the parts of a cell and the function of each part.

Cilia- Found on the surface of some cells, moves in one direction in a wave-like motion. Removes or propels objects. Lining of the fallopian tubes.

Flagella – Function is movement, have a whip like motion, only found on the tail of the sperm.

Microvilli – Folds the cell membrane to increase the surface area of the cell. Responsible for absorbing nutrients especially the intestines, DOES NOT MOVE

Active Transport - pumps, vesicles, moves to a higher concentration

What is Na/K pump for? Sodium-Potassium…regulates the volume of fluid within a cell, provides the electrical potential necessary for nervous systems activity.

What drives the passive transport systems? – (BELOW)

Passive Transport - diffusion, filtration, osmosis (and definition of facilitated diffusion) does not require cells to expand

  • Facilitated diffusion - molecules needs help to move across the membrane

Discuss the functions of proteins in the plasma membrane:

  • Act as channels, allowing solutes to pass in and out of the cell

  • Serves as receptors for specific chemicals or hormones

  • Carbohydrates and attached to their outer surface (forming glycoproteins) glycoproteins act as markers to help the body distinguish its own cells from foreign its own cells from foreign invaders

  • DNA – main function is to provide information for building proteins

  • RNA – assist in protein synthesis  

  • Ectoderm- gives rise to epidermis and nervous system

  • Endoderm – produce mucous membrane of respiratory tract, thyroid gland, secretory parts of the pancreas.

  • Mesoderm – gives rise to connective and muscle tissues

  • Epithelial – is a continuous sheet of tightly packed cells; it covers the body’s surface, lines body cavity and many organs, and forms certain glands

  • Connective – the most widespread, and the most varied, of all tissues. The purpose of this tissue is to connect the body and support, bind, or protects organs.

  • Areolar – consist of collagen and elastin fibers in a soft gel-like matrix. Connects many adjacent structures in the body. Lies underneath almost all epithelia. Surrounds blood vessels, nerves, the esophagus, and trachea.

  • Adipose – Dominated by fats cells. Forms supporting, protective pads around the kidneys and various structures. Acts as a storge depot for excess food. Helps insulate the body to conserve body heat

  • Reticular – consist of loose network of reticular fibers and cells. Forms the framework of the spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow

  • Nervous – found in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves tissue consist of 2 types of cells, neurons and neuroglia

  • Muscle – Consist of elongated cells that contract in response to stimulation, there are 3 types of muscle tissues:

  • Skeletal – makes body movement possible

  • Cardiac - found only in the heart

  • Smooth – lines the walls of many organs including digestive, respiratory, and urinary tracts

Identify our largest tissue type: Connective Tissue

Types of epithelial: squamous, cuboidal, and columnar

Identify nerve cell structure

Describe endocrine vs exocrine glands

Understand the role of granular tissue (connective tissue) in wound healing:

  • New Healthy tissue surrounding the wound providing nutrients.

Identify types of membranes, where each are found, characteristics, and function of each