Honors World History 1 Final Review Sheet Notes

Ancient Rome

  • Geography of Rome/Italian Peninsula: Built on 7 hills: Capituline Hill, Palatine Hill; Centrally located in Italy.
  • After conquering the Italian Peninsula, the Romans fought the Carthaginians for control of the Mediterranean Sea.
  • Struggle of the Orders: Conflict between plebeians (commoners) and patricians (wealthy landowners).
  • Influence on the Romans:
    • Etruscans: Clothing style/dress.
    • Greeks: Established colonies.
    • Latins: Herders, farmers.
  • Gracchus Brothers: Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus attempted land redistribution and reform but were assassinated.
  • First Triumvirate:
    • Members: Caesar, Crassus, Pompey.
    • End: Death of Crassus.
    • Aftermath: Pompey and Caesar fought for control; Caesar won.
  • Julius Caesar: Dictator for Life.
  • Marius:
    • General who recruited from the landless poor.
    • Changed the Roman army by recruiting the poor.
  • Augustus/Octavian:
    • Fought Antony for control of Rome and won.
    • Name changed to Imperator Commander-in-Chief (Emperor).
  • Virgil: Wrote Aeneid.
  • Second Triumvirate:
    • Members: Octavian, Antony, Lepidus.
    • End: Octavian and Antony fought a civil war.
    • Aftermath: Octavian became Augustus.
  • Plebeian: Poor person (farmer, etc.).
  • Paterfamilias: Father of a Roman family.
  • Republic: Leader is not a king; people can vote.
  • Octavian: Exalted one (Augustus).
  • Praetor: Enforces laws.
  • Consul: Chief officer of the Roman Republic.
  • Patrician: Wealthy landowners.
  • Insulae: Apartments for the poor.
  • Hannibal: Started the 2nd Punic War.
  • The Punic Wars: Rome vs. Carthage.
    • Rome won all 3 Punic Wars.
  • Emperor Caracalla: Gave Roman citizenship to all free people.
  • Pax Romana: The Roman Peace, a period of peace and prosperity.
  • Augustus's Provincial Rule: Appointed leaders in the provinces.
  • Dictator: Leader with absolute power.
  • Rome's Official State Religion: Polytheism (worshipped gods/goddesses).
  • Concrete: Used to build large-scale buildings.
  • Cleopatra's Relationships: Related to Antony and Octavian.
  • Sulla's Seizure of Rome (82 B.C.): Partly due to a new military recruitment system.
  • The Roman Senate: Mostly comprised of patricians.
  • Veto: Refuse to approve a measure; "I forbid."
  • Equites: People with great wealth but little power.
  • Indemnity: Money for war damages.
  • Collegia: Workers' trade association.
  • Latifundium: Large Roman estate.
  • Colonus: Tenant farmer.
  • Rabbi: Jewish scholar.
  • Pope: Patriarch of Rome.
  • Anarchy: No government.

The Byzantine Empire & Ancient Russia

  • Leo III: Ordered the destruction of Icons.
  • The Great Schism:
    • Definition: A split.
    • Occurred in 1054.
  • Heresy: Opinion that conflicts with church doctrine.
  • Icons: Religious images.
  • Iconoclast: Someone against the use of icons.
  • Steppe: Vast grassy plain in Eastern Europe.
  • The Pope: Leader of the Western Christian Church.
  • Boyar: Member of the social class of nobles in Kievan society.
  • Mosaic: Picture or design formed by inlaid pieces of stone, glass, or ceramic.
  • Metropolitan: Chief bishop of the Kievan church.
  • Talga: Forest zone in the northern region of Kievan States.
  • Czar: Russian for "Caesar" or emperor.
  • Patriarch: Leader of the Eastern Church.
  • Hippodrome: Location in Constantinople that held chariot races.
  • Theodosius: Made Christianity the official state religion of the Roman Empire.
  • Nero: Emperor who started persecuting Christians.
  • Diocletian: Roman emperor who divided the empire.
  • Dowry: Money or goods a wife brings to a marriage.
  • Jews: Group exempt from worshipping the Roman Gods.
  • Constantine: Moved the Roman Capital.
  • Spread of Christianity: Spread rapidly throughout the Roman Empire because people heard Jesus had escaped death.
  • Preservation of Greco-Roman Culture: The Byzantine Empire preserved Greco-Roman culture.
  • Official Religion of the Eastern Roman Empire: Christianity.
  • Varangian/Viking: Ruled Russia.
  • Rurik, Oleg, & Vladimir I:
    • Rurik: First major Viking emperor.
    • Oleg: Moved the capital to Kiev.
    • Vladimir I: Abandoned Slavic paganism.
  • Kievan Rus: Ruled by Vikings.
  • Origin of "RUS": Norse for "The men who rode."
  • Official Language of the Eastern Roman Empire: Greek.
  • Constantine: 1st Christian Emperor of the Roman Empire.
  • Vandalism: Action named after the Vandals who invaded the Roman Empire.
  • Byzantine Empire: Name given to the later Eastern Roman Empire by historians.
  • Justinian: Most famous Byzantine Emperor.
  • Byzantine Citizens: Considered themselves Romans.
  • Constantinople: Capital city of the Byzantine Empire.
  • Justinian's Code (The Body of Civil Law): Justinian's greatest contribution to history.
  • Similarities Between Old Roman Empire & Byzantine Empire Governments: Both were ruled by Emperors who had absolute power.
  • After the Fall of the Western Roman Empire: Western Europe was taken over by the Ottoman Turks.
  • Factors Contributing to the Fall of the Western Roman Empire:
    • Large trade imbalance (bought more than produced).
    • Weak military.
    • Inflation.
    • Hired foreign mercenaries.
    • Barbarian invasions.

Islam

  • The Five Pillars of Islam: Acts of worship practiced by Muslims:
    • Belief.
    • Prayer.
    • Charity.
    • Fasting.
    • Pilgrimage (Hijra).
  • Mecca: Birthplace of Muhammad.
  • Bedouins: Practicing Muslims.
  • Islam: Originated in Saudi Arabia.
  • Quran: Holy book of Islam; means "recital."
  • Minarets: Towers of mosques.
  • Ibn Sina: Islamic medical philosopher.
  • Early Arab Professions: Farmers, sheepherders.
  • Early Arab Society Organization: Tribes.
  • Muhammad's Birthplace: Mecca.
  • First Practicing Muslims: Bedouins.
  • Meaning of "ISLAM": "Peace through submission to the will of Allah."
  • Shari'ah Law (Shari'ah): Regulates all aspects of Muslim life.
  • Slavery: Existed in the Islamic world.
  • Hijra: Migration of Muhammad & his followers.
  • Sultan: Turkish leader.
  • Caliph: Successor of Muhammad.
  • Muhammad: Founder of Islam; political & religious leader.
  • Jihad: "Striving in the way of God."
  • Abu Bakr: Chosen as Muhammad's successor.
  • Uthman: Authorized an official version of the Qur'an.
  • Harun al-Rashid: His reign was called the Golden Age of Islam.
  • Hussein: Muhammad's son-in-law.
  • Sunni: Majority of Muslims; believe leaders should be elected.
  • Arab: A person from the Arabian Peninsula.
  • Mosque: Place of Muslim worship.
  • Prohibitions of Islam:
    • No eating pork.
    • No gambling.
    • No drinking alcohol.
    • No engaging in dishonest behavior.
  • Islamic Art: No representation of people or animals.
  • Arabesque: Art using patterns & abstract geometric designs.
  • Astrolabe: Used to calculate the size & circumference of the earth.

The Middle Ages

  • Vassal: Person granted land from a lord.
  • Fief: Grant of land given by a feudal lord to a vassal (knight).
  • Abbot: Elected head of a monastery.
  • Chivalry: Code of conduct for knights.
  • Inquisition: The search for heretics in the mid 1700s.
  • Primogeniture: French law under which only the eldest son could inherit his father's property.
  • Tithe: Church tax collected from Christians that represented one-tenth of their income.
  • Domain: Manor land the lord kept for himself; consisted of about one-third of the manor.
  • Feudalism: Political military system of local government based on the granting of land in return for loyalty, military assistance, and services.
  • Simony: Purchase of a church position during feudal times.
  • English Parliament: First convened in 1215 a.d.
  • Magna Carta: English document intended to protect the liberties of nobles.
  • Normandy: Country in northern France that was an Old Viking Settlement.
  • William the Conqueror: King of Normandy.
  • Norman Conquest: When they invaded England in 1066 a.d.
  • Battle of Hastings: When they defeated Anglo Saxons.
  • Doomsday Book: Property value survey to determine the amount of taxes owed to the king.
  • Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire's Lack of Power: Caught up in disputes with the pope in Italy & German Lords.
  • The Dominicans/Dominican Order: Order of monks who lived in poverty & battled heresy.
  • The Franciscans/Franciscan Order: Order of monks who preached, took vows of poverty, & aided the poor.
  • Cistercian Order: Monks to take their religion outside the Monastery
  • Sacraments: Guided people from birth to death; included baptism, eucharist, and marriage.
  • The Crusades:
    • There were 4 major crusades.
    • Caused when the Seljuk Turks invaded the Byzantine Empire.
  • Urban II: Ordered the 1st crusade (holy war against Islam).
  • Jerusalem: The greatest site for Christian pilgrimages during the Middle Ages.
  • Middle Ages: Medieval period between ancient times & the modern period (aka Dark Ages); lasted from 500 a.d. - 1500 a.c.
  • Early Middle Ages: (476 a.d.-1000 a.d.)
  • High Middle Ages: (1000 a.d.-1250 a.d.)
  • Late Middle Ages: (1300 a.d.- 1500 a.d.)
  • Medieval: Describes the period known as the Middle Ages.
  • Manor: Economic unit of the Middle Ages; an estate that included a village.
  • Serf: Person bound to the land (slave/servant).
  • Monasticism: System of monasteries & convents in which Christians withdrew from the world to lead a life of prayer.
  • Canon Law: Church code of law.
  • Interdict: Church's punishment of an entire region; it involved withholding Sacraments.
  • Shire: Governmental district in early England.
  • Common Law: Law based on judges' decisions rather than on a code of statutes.
  • Life During the Middle Ages:
    • Children barely lived past one.
    • Life was hard for people like peasants who worked the land.
    • Towns grew around castles.
    • Women had few rights.
  • Education During the Middle Ages:
    • It was for wealthy boys & clergy.
    • Focused mostly on religion & basic subjects (math, grammar, theology).
  • Reconquista: Near 800-year long military campaign; European armies reconquer the Iberian Peninsula from the Moors.
  • Leif Eriksson: Sailed to North America & established the 1st known European settlement there.
  • Reasons Vikings Left Their Homeland: Over population, food shortage, exploration, conquest, trade.
  • The Pope: Intermediary between God & Man
  • Pontificate: The time a pope is in the position.
  • College of Cardinals: Elect the new pope
  • Urban: Ordered the 1st crusade
  • Leo IX: Most historically significant pope in the middle Ages.
  • Gregory 11: Founded the territory that would then be the papal states
  • Papal States: Territories in central Italy
  • Benedictine Rule: Rules established by a priest Benedict of Nursia
  • Pilgrimages: Religious journey to specific locations in one's faith that hold spiritual significance.
    • Jerusalem: greatest site for Christian pilgrimages
  • The Magyars (Huns): Invaded the western shape modern Europe
  • Charlemagne: King of Franks, created largest post Roman European Empire during middle ages. Converted to Christianity. Became known as Carolinginian Empire. crowned" Emperor of Romans" by Pope Leo I