Definition: The European Commission acts as the executive branch of the European Union (EU) and represents both the EU as a whole and its individual member states.
Roles and Functions of the European Commission:
Legislative Initiative:
It is the only institution that can propose new EU laws.
The Commission drafts proposals that are then debated by the legislative bodies of the EU.
Ensures Compliance:
The Commission ensures that EU law is correctly applied by the member states.
Budget Management:
It manages and implements the EU budget.
Legal Actions:
The Commission can take member states to the Court of Justice of the EU if they fail to comply with EU law.
International Representation:
Represents the EU in trade agreements, treaties, and diplomatic matters.
Works in conjunction with the High Representative for Foreign Affairs to shape foreign policy and represents the EU internationally.
This role includes membership in both the Commission and the Council.
Leadership Structure:
The Commission is led by a President, currently Ursula von der Leyen, who sets the agenda and leads meetings.
Composition: 27 Commissioners are appointed (one from each member state), nominated by national governments based on political affiliations but must remain politically impartial upon taking office. They serve a term of five years and operate as a team, deciding collectively.
European Council
Definition: The European Council is an executive body that sets the overall direction and priorities for the EU. It does not have the authority to draft laws.
Composition of the European Council:
Comprises the heads of state or government of the member states, including presidents and prime ministers.
Currently led by President Charles Michel, who serves in a 2.5-year term.
Decisions are primarily made by consensus among member states.
Roles of the European Council:
Strategic Direction:
Defines the EU's long-term agenda and key priorities across all sectors.
Policy Coordination:
Guides policy implementation across the EU and coordinates responses to crises.
Treaty Proposals:
Can propose amendments to EU treaties, which must then be ratified by member states.
Representation:
The President of the European Council chairs meetings and represents the EU externally on security issues.
Summits:
The Council typically meets at least four times a year in summits to discuss and align on significant issues.
Relationship with Other Institutions:
The Council sets the broad direction which the Commission follows in law drafting.
The Commission drafts laws based on these directions, with the final adoption lying with both the Council and the Parliament.
The Commission is tasked with the implementation of these laws, while the Court of Justice of the EU ensures their legality.