24-25 Gr 9 TCA 2 Review Sheet

Rhetorical Appeals/Persuasive Appeals

1. Ethos - (Morals/Ethics) appeals to Morals/Values/Principles (MVP) 

   1. This is about the speaker/author and the fabric of their character. 

   2. Ask yourself: Is the source trustworthy, educated in this field, experienced, what is their purpose to persuade their audience (Do they benefit in some way?)

2. Pathos - (Emotions) appeals to the audience’s feelings of happiness, fear, melancholy (sadness), frustration (anger), sympathy, empathy, excitement, etc.

   1. ASPCA commercials (animal rescue commercials) , St. Jude commercials, political campaigns, etc. 

3. Logos - (Logic) logical arguments

   1. reasoning

   2. factual evidence

   3. Statistics

   4. anecdotes (personal stories)

   5. real world examples

Rhetorical Techniques

1. Rhetoric - persuasion

2. Loaded Language/Connotation - using powerful charged language with either strong positive or negative meanings (“perfect pairing,” “catastrophic results”) 

3. Personal Anecdote - a story a speaker/writer imparts to the audience about themselves or someone that they know 

4. Opinions - the feelings/beliefs of the person relaying information

5. Facts - are statements that are provable to be true

6. Statistics - are facts with numbers (research/surveys): percents, fractions (“one out of three,” ⅓, 33%)

7. Allusion - are indirect references to a well known or historically important person, place or thing

8. Hyperbole - exaggerated statements or enlarging the truth

9. Metaphor - a comparison of two different things

10. Extended Metaphor -  a comparison of two different things that extends/continues over the course of multiple sentences, paragraphs, or lines in writing

11. Simile -  a comparison of two different things using the words, “like” or “as”

Reading Skills

1. Identifying Author’s purpose - the author’s motivation/reason for writing a particular text - an author can have multiple reasons for writing a text

P = persuade

I = inform

E = entertain

2. Drawing Conclusions/Making Inferences (Inferring) - is combining information that you know with information from a text and creating theories/predictions or evaluations/judgements based on that combination

3. Explicit Information - information that is stated directly (i.e. facts stated in textbooks)

4.  Tone - the author’s attitude toward the subject of the text/speech 

5. Mood - how the audience feels about the text/speech or part of the text/speech

Components (Parts) of an Essay

1. Claim/Thesis - the sentence that defines the idea/theory the author chooses to prove

2. Counterclaim - a reason/evidence that supports the opposite argument to the author’s claim/thesis

3. Main Idea - the idea that the writing is mostly about

4. Transitions -  words that show connections between ideas

5. Conclusion - theories/predictions or evaluations/judgements based on the combination of ideas read in a text and the background information that the reader already knows

6. Parenthetical Citations - in-text citations, which are citations within a paragraph that identify the source of the author’s the information

Poetry

1. Speaker - the character narrating the poem

2. Stanza - a group of lines identified as a unit through the use of space 

3. Subject - the idea a poem is mostly about

4. Rhyme Scheme - the pattern of end rhyme, identified using lowercase letters