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Blood Collection Equipment: A Comprehensive Overview

Introduction to Blood Collection Equipment

Blood collection involves two primary procedures:

  • Venipuncture: Collection of blood from a vein.

  • Capillary (Dermal) Puncture (Microcollection): Collection of blood from capillaries, typically from a finger or heel.

Some equipment is utilized for both procedures, while other equipment is specific to one or the other.

Learning Objectives and Competencies

This chapter's content aligns with key learning outcomes and NAACLS (National Accrediting Agency for Clinical Laboratory Sciences) competencies. It aims to equip learners with the ability to:

  • Identify and properly use equipment for both venipuncture and capillary puncture.

  • Understand the function, types, and color-coding of additives in blood collection tubes.

  • Implement the correct order of draw for various blood collection procedures.

  • Compare equipment from different manufacturers and recognize substances that can interfere with clinical analysis.

  • Apply special precautions and age-specific considerations during phlebotomy.

Common Blood Collection Equipment (Used for Both Procedures)

These items are essential for any blood collection setup:

  • Phlebotomy Tray or Cart: Used to store and transport equipment. Should be well-stocked, and modern versions may include a barcode printer or computer.

  • Gloves: Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) required for phlebotomy. Available in sterile and nonsterile forms, powder-free, made from nitrile, latex, or vinyl. Glove liners can be used for extended wear.

  • Hand Sanitizer: Mandatory for use before collection and upon completion of the procedure. Can also be used between draws if no visible contamination is present.

  • Alcohol Prep Pads: Used for antiseptic skin cleansing prior to puncture.

  • Gauze Pads: Applied after needle removal to aid in hemostasis.

  • Adhesive Bandage/Tape: Used to cover the puncture site post-collection.

  • Sharps Container: A puncture-resistant, leak-proof container for the safe disposal of needles and other sharp objects.

  • Marking Pen: For labeling specimens if preprinted labels are not available or for additional information.

  • Preprinted Labels: Contain patient and specimen information for accurate identification.

  • Specimen Transport Bags: Ensure safe and compliant transport of collected blood samples.

Venipuncture-Specific Equipment

  • Tourniquets: Applied to the limb to impede venous blood flow, making veins more prominent.

  • Needles:

    • Gauge: Refers to the bore size or lumen of the needle; a smaller gauge number indicates a larger lumen. Some brands use color-coding to denote gauge size.

    • Multiple-Sample Needle: Double-pointed needles, part of the evacuated collection system. Typically come in 21g or 22g sizes.

    • Winged Infusion Set (Butterfly Needle): Features