unit 5 & 6 notes

Enlightenment Ideals
  - Covered ideologies surrounding political revolutions: American, French, and Latin American revolutions.   - Trade system: Mercantilism
    - Colonies restricted to trading only with their mother country, leading to resentment.
    - Viewed as a contributing factor to various revolutions.
Industrial Revolution
  - Introduction of the steam engine significantly transformed production in factories.
    - Class divisions became more pronounced.
    - Labor conditions included women and children working in harsh environments.
Laissez-faire Capitalism
- Definition: French term meaning "leave alone"; refers to a free market approach to economic policy.
- Contrast with pre-industrial trade systems that did not allow free trade.
Imperialism
  - Connection between industrialization and imperialism:
    - Core countries sought raw materials from peripheral countries to fuel faster production in factories.
    - Essential raw materials included cotton, indigo, and palm oil.   - Military advancements: Guns, railroads, and boats facilitated imperial conquests.   - Nationalism impacted both colonizers and colonized populations:     - Cultural diffusion occurred, creating interconnected global dynamics.

Philosophical Shifts
  - Divine Right of Kings replaced by the idea that government power derives from the people.
    - Social contract concept introduced:
      - The government's role is to protect the people's general will.   - French philosopher advocated for three branches of government to prevent corruption.   - Voltaire (Francois Marie Arouet) emphasized natural or human rights.
    - Significant influence on the American government and subsequent revolutions.
  - Exclusions in Ideals
    - Women and African slaves highlighted the shortcomings of the revolutions when it came to equality.     - Rise of nationalism among marginalized groups demanding inclusion and rights.

American Revolution
- British King George III remained in power post-revolution.
- The revolution was more about independence than a complete overhaul of the system. - Emergence as a republic was significant, but with limitations on who gained rights.
Latin American Revolutions
- Kryollos: Term used for a social class of mixed European and indigenous descent, who felt marginalized. - Individuals like Miguel Hidalgo fought for rights of poor and indigenous populations.
- Outcomes often led the power to remain with the rich, European-descended elites.
French Revolution
  - Noteworthy event: Radical French Republic resulting in the execution of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette via the guillotine.
    - Initial abolition of slavery introduced but reinstated later under Napoleon's rule.   - Haitian Revolution
    - Considered one of the most radical revolutions as enslaved individuals rose up against plantation owners.
    - Key figure: Toussaint Louverture.
    - Permanent abolition of slavery occurred, having lasting impacts despite subsequent economic hardships like the independence debt to France.

Labor Conditions
- Child labor became widespread, leading to horrific conditions and hazards like machinery accidents. - Women joined the workforce, often juggling multiple roles within the family and job. - Urbanization resulted in rapid population growth in cities; however, housing and sanitation standards suffered significantly.
Economic Changes
- Manufacturing transitioned to unskilled labor, reducing workers' bargaining power as many could perform the same tasks. - Introduction of factories led to supply of cheap clothing but dire working conditions. - Class structures evolved, creating disparities between factory owners, middle management, and factory workers.

Capitalism
- Adam Smith's "invisible hand" concept highlights competition as a primary economic driver without regulation. - Reality check on the limitations of capitalism where monopolies can form, limiting employee options.
Socialism and its Variants
- Early socialists such as Robert Owen advocated for improved wages and conditions voluntarily but noted the greed present in capitalism. - Some socialists pushed for more government intervention to regulate industries and conditions. - Communism, advanced by Karl Marx, called for state ownership of all industries as the most radical form of socialism.
Responses to Industrial Conditions
- Workers formed unions and movements advanced for labor rights and reforms, leading to legislation regarding child labor and workplace safety.

Comparison of Countries
- Russia and Japan faced significant feudal systems prior to industrialization and underwent transformation triggered by external pressures and internal reforms. - The Meiji Restoration in Japan (1868) facilitated modernization with government initiatives to enact reforms and promote industry.
Zaibatsu in Japan
- Government-supported monopolies emerged to handle industries such as textiles and machinery, which shifted power dynamics while utilizing the historical family's base.

Imperialism: Core industrial nations aggressively sought to dominate peripheral areas in search of raw materials and markets. - Social Darwinism and scientific racism rationalized European expansionist policies. - Cultural changes and exploitation marked colonial administrations, affecting both resources and traditions.
British India: The British implemented control over economy and culture, instigating resistance movements among indigenous peoples. - Noteworthy events such as the rebellion against the British and instances of cultural disrespect were prevalent in historical narratives.

DBQs and Document Analysis
- Practice in evaluating historical documents relating to resistance movements and the impacts of colonialism. - Emphasis on the Mexican revolution and comparisons between various countries' experiences under empires.