Mod 11

  • DNA= deoxyribonucleic acid (double helix, double stranded)

  • RNA = ribonucleic acid (single stranded)

  • Watson and Crick  = were credited with discovering the shape of dna (double helix)

  • Roslind franklin took photo 51 helping discovery

  • Monomer = nucleotide


  • DNA = Adenine with Thymine (2 hydrogen bonds AT2)

  • DNA = Cytosine with Guanine (3 hydrogen bonds CG3)

  • RNA = Difference - Adenine with Uracil (No hydrogen bonds)

  • DNA Replication = for the entire GENOME. Takes place in the nucleus.

    • Helicase = unzips DNA and breaks hydrogen bonds

    • DNA polymerase = adds nucleotides to complementary strands

    • Leading strand = built continuously 

    • Lagging  = builds in Okazaki fragments then goes back

    • Ligase  = glues okazaki fragments together that are created by lagging strand

Central Dogma  = DNA -> RNA -> Protein (Known as protein synthesis)

  • DNA -> RNA = transcription (nucleus) 

  • RNA -> Protein = translation (ribosome)

    • Ribosomes are in the rough er and cytoplasm

  • mRNA is made in nucleus pores , then is changed into tRNA to pick up amino acids in the cytoplasm and then goes to ribosomes, then amino acids are strung into protein

    • EXAMPLE:

  5” ATTGCTAAGCCGTT 3”

   DNA:      TAACGATTCGGCAA

mRNA: 3” UAACGAUUCGGCAA 5”

  • tRNA matches with mRNA and mRNA matches with the DNA

  • AUG = START CODON 

EXAMPLE

  • DNA:      ATA

  • mRNA:   UAU             tRNA and DNA are similar

  • tRNA:     AUA

  • Gene mutation = when there is a mistake in the code (nitrogenous bases)

    • Point mutation = only one nucleotide is changed

    • Deletion = Piece of nucleotides are missing 

    • Insertion = Piece of nucleotides are added

  • Mutagen = something that causes a mutation (environment, genetic, carcinogens, etc…)

  • Gene Expression = process of controlling which gene is expressed (turned on or off)