AP World UNIT 2 REVIEW (Everything you NEED to KNOW!)

APHUG Unit 2 Study Guide: Population and Migration

Key Concepts:

  1. Population Distribution

    • Population is unevenly distributed across the globe.

    • Factors affecting distribution include:

      • Physical geography (e.g., climate, landforms)

      • Economic opportunities

      • Political stability

    • Global Population Distribution:

      • Significant concentrations in favorable climates and regions with access to water.

    • Major population agglomerations include:

      1. East Asia (e.g., China, Japan)

      2. South Asia (e.g., India, Pakistan)

      3. Western Europe (e.g., Germany, France)

      4. North America (e.g., USA, Canada)

      5. Southeast Asia (e.g., Indonesia, Vietnam)

    • Emerging clusters:

      1. Africa (e.g., Nigeria, South Africa)

      2. Latin America (e.g., Brazil, Argentina)

      3. Middle East (e.g., Turkey, Iran)

  2. Population Density

    • Measurement of how many people live in a given area (e.g., people per square mile).

    • Types of density:

      • Arithmetic Density: The total population divided by the total land area. Useful for general population assessment.

      • Physiological Density: Population per unit area of arable land. Helps assess pressure on agricultural resources.

      • Agricultural Density: Farmers per unit area of farmland. Indicates the intensity of farming practices.

    • Population Density Variation:

      • Varies by scale. Example: Canada has a low overall density but high density in urban centers like Toronto compared to its vast rural areas.

  3. Demographic Transition Model (DTM)

    • Describes population change over time through 5 stages:

      1. Stage 1: High birth and death rates

      2. Stage 2: High birth rates, declining death rates

      3. Stage 3: Declining birth rates, low death rates

      4. Stage 4: Low birth and death rates

      5. Stage 5: Potential for population decline

  4. Migration

    • Types of migration:

      • Internal migration (within a country)

      • International migration (between countries)

    • Factors influencing migration:

      • Push factors (e.g., conflict, unemployment, natural disasters)

      • Pull factors (e.g., job opportunities, political freedom, a better quality of life)

  5. Ravenstein's Laws of Migration

    • Most migrants move only a short distance.

    • Migration occurs in steps (chain migration).

    • Migrants are usually young adults.

    • Females are more migratory within their country than males, while males are more likely to migrate internationally.

  6. Population Policies

    • Policies can either promote or restrict population growth.

      • Example: China's One Child Policy

      • Example: Pro-natalist policies in countries with declining populations.

  7. Global Population Issues

    • Overpopulation, aging populations, and urbanization are significant issues in various parts of the world.

    • Impact on resources, environment, and social structures.

  8. Key Terms

    • Carrying Capacity: The maximum population size that an environment can sustain.

    • Natural Increase Rate (NIR): The rate of population growth measured by the difference between the birth rate and the death rate.

    • Net Migration Rate: The difference between the number of immigrants and emigrants per 1,000 people in a population.

2.1 Population Distribution

  • Global Population Distribution:

    • Favorable climates and environmental conditions, such as temperate climates and regions with access to water, show significant concentrations of population.

2.2 Consequences of Population Distribution

  • Strain on Environment:

    • Overpopulation increases stress on renewable and nonrenewable resources, impacting carrying capacity and sustainability.

2.3 Population Composition

  • Population Pyramid Structure:

    • Measures age and sex distribution within a population and reveals growth trends based on its shape (expansive, constrictive, stationary).

2.4 Population Dynamics

  • Key Definitions:

    • Includes Crude Birth Rate, Crude Death Rate, Infant Mortality Rate, Total Fertility Rate, Life Expectancy, and Natural Increase Rate.

    • Doubling Time Calculation: Uses the rule of 70.

    • Patterns arise from social, political, and economic factors.

2.5 Demographic Transition Model

  • Characterizes stages of population transition, including mortality and fertility changes.

2.6 Malthusian Theory

  • Thomas Malthus’s prediction of population growth outpacing food resources and modern criticisms of his theory.

2.7 Population Policies

  • Pro-natalist vs. Anti-natalist policies, with notable examples from China and India.

2.8 Women and Demographic Change

  • Economic, political, and social changes affecting women's roles and fertility rates.

2.9 Aging Population

  • Causes and implications of graying populations, illustrated with population pyramids, and examples like Japan.

2.10 Causes of Migration

  • Lee's Model identifying push/pull factors and Ravenstein's Laws of Migration.

2.11 Forced and Voluntary Migration

  • Real-life examples of migration flows and shifts in the U.S. population center.

2.12 Effects of Migration

  • Social, cultural, and economic impacts through remittances, diaspora, and brain drain/gain, alongside a historical overview of U.S. immigration policy compared to other nations.