Carbohydrates of Biological Importance
Chemical Nature of Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are polyhydroxyalcohols with aldehyde or keto groups.
General formula:
Biomedical Importance of Carbohydrates
Most abundant organic molecules in nature.
Functions include:
Major source of dietary calories.
Energy storage.
Cell membrane components aiding intercellular communication.
Classification of Carbohydrates
Main Types:
Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Oligosaccharides
Polysaccharides
Monosaccharides
Simplest sugars classified by:
Number of carbons: Trioses (C3), Tetroses (C4), Pentoses (C5), Hexoses (C6).
Functional groups: Aldoses (with aldehyde) vs. Ketoses (with ketone).
Aldoses
Simplest aldohexose: D-Glucose.
D-sugars: Hydroxyl on right of penultimate carbon.
L-sugars: Hydroxyl on left of penultimate carbon.
Ketoses
Simplest ketose: Dihydroxyacetone (triose).
Subclassified into: Ketotrioses (C3), Ketotetroses (C4), Ketopentoses (C5), Ketohexoses (C6).
Isomerism in Monosaccharides
Same molecular formula, different structural or steric formulas.
Types of isomerism:
Optical isomers (D and L-sugars)
Anomers
Epimers
Aldose-Ketose isomers.