Landforms - A feature on the Earth’s surface that is part of the terrain.
Mountains - A landform that rises prominently above its surroundings, exhibiting steep slopes, a relatively confined summit area, and considerable local relief.
Hills - A landform higher than the surrounding land with a visible summit.
Plateaus - A flat, elevated landform that rises sharply above the surrounding area on at least one side.
Plains - A broad, relatively flat area of land, covering more than one-third of the world’s land area.
Buttes - Tall, flat-topped, steep-sided towers of rock created through erosion.
Canyons - A deep, narrow valley with steep sides, typically formed by the erosive action of rivers, streams, or glaciers.
Valleys - A low area of land between hills or mountains, typically with a river or stream flowing through it.
Basins - A depression or dip in the Earth’s surface shaped like a bowl, with sides higher than the bottom. Some are filled with water, others are empty.
Body of Water - Any significant accumulation of water on Earth's surface, such as oceans, seas, lakes, ponds, and wetlands.
Oceans - Vast and deep bodies of water that separate continents from one another.
Seas - Large bodies of water, smaller than oceans, partly enclosed by land and connected to the ocean.
Bay - A body of water partially surrounded by land.
Gulf - A portion of the ocean that penetrates land.
Strait - A narrow body of water that connects two larger bodies of water.
Lake - A body of water surrounded by land.
Lagoon - Shallow water separated from the sea by low sandy dunes.
River - A large, natural stream of flowing water.
Creationism - The belief that life was created by a divine being, as described in the Old Testament of the Bible.
Evolutionism - The theory that organisms develop through natural processes, starting with simple molecules and advancing over millions of years.
Homo erectus - One of the earliest human ancestors to migrate out of Africa, reaching Asia around 1.8 million years ago.
Dmanisi Hominin - Early human ancestors discovered at Dmanisi, Georgia, dating back about 1.8 million years.
Peking Man - Fossils of Homo erectus discovered in Zhoukoudian, China, believed to have lived around 750,000 to 200,000 years ago.
Java Man - Fossils of Homo erectus found on the island of Java, dating between 700,000 and 1.5 million years ago.
Denisovans - A distinct lineage of archaic humans known from limited fossils and primarily from genetic evidence. Lived in Asia from about 285,000 to 25,000 years ago.
Stone Tool Technology - Tools made from stone, progressing from basic choppers to sophisticated handaxes and specialized blades.
Control of Fire - The discovery and use of fire by early humans for warmth, protection, cooking, and social interaction.
Paleolithic Era - The earliest period of human history, marked by the use of stone tools, hunter-gatherer subsistence strategies, and the evolution of various Homo species.
Paleolithic Age - A period where humans were hunter-gatherers, living a nomadic lifestyle, and using simple stone tools.
Neolithic Age - The period when humans transitioned to farming, developed permanent settlements, and created advanced tools.
Agriculture - The transition from foraging to farming, with the domestication of animals and cultivation of crops like millet and rice.
Social Hierarchy - The emergence of social structure, where leadership and organized communities began to form.
Jiahu (China) - An early agricultural community around 7,000 BCE known for fermented beverages and early music.
Mehrgarh (Pakistan) - A precursor to the Indus Valley Civilization, notable for advancements in agriculture and dentistry.
Banpo (China) - A site known for its matriarchal society and advanced pottery.