ana muscles

FACE AND MUSCLE EXTREMENITY

1. Occipitofrontalis

• Location: Spans from the occipital bone to the frontal region of the skull (split into the occipital belly and the frontal belly).

• Movement: Raises the eyebrows and wrinkles the forehead (frontal belly); moves the scalp backward (occipital belly).

• Palpation: Palpate by placing fingers on the forehead while raising eyebrows or furrowing the forehead.

2. Temporalis

• Location: Located on the side of the head, covering the temporal bone.

• Movement: Elevates and retracts the mandible (jaw) during chewing.

• Palpation: Can be palpated by placing fingers on the temples while clenching the jaw.

3. Orbicularis oculi

• Location: Encircles the orbit (eye).

• Movement: Closes the eyelids, allowing blinking, squinting, and winking.

• Palpation: Difficult to palpate due to its thinness, but can feel slight tension around the eyes when forcefully closing them.

4. Procerus

• Location: Found between the eyebrows, extending down toward the nasal bone.

• Movement: Draws the eyebrows down and creates horizontal wrinkles over the bridge of the nose.

• Palpation: Can be palpated by placing fingers on the glabella (between the eyebrows) and frowning.

5. Nasalis

• Location: Found over the nasal bridge and around the nostrils.

• Movement: Compresses the nasal bridge and flares the nostrils.

• Palpation: Lightly palpate the sides of the nose when flaring the nostrils.

6. Zygomaticus Major

• Location: Extends from the cheekbone (zygomatic bone) to the corners of the mouth.

• Movement: Elevates the corners of the mouth (used in smiling).

• Palpation: Palpate the muscle by placing fingers on the cheeks and smiling.

7. Zygomaticus Minor

• Location: Runs from the zygomatic bone to the upper lip, above the Zygomaticus major.

• Movement: Elevates the upper lip, contributing to facial expressions like a sneer.

• Palpation: Can be palpated slightly above the Zygomaticus major when smiling or sneering.

8. Buccinator

• Location: Found in the cheek, deep to the masseter, between the maxilla and mandible.

• Movement: Compresses the cheek, aiding in blowing, sucking, and chewing.

• Palpation: Can be felt inside the cheek, by pressing gently between the jawbones while sucking in the cheeks.

9. Masseter

• Location: Located at the sides of the jaw, stretching from the zygomatic arch to the mandible.

• Movement: Elevates the mandible, playing a key role in chewing.

• Palpation: Palpate by placing fingers on the sides of the jaw while clenching and unclenching the teeth.

10. Orbicularis oris

• Location: Encircles the mouth.

• Movement: Closes the lips, helps in pursing the lips, and allows for actions like kissing or whistling.

• Palpation: Lightly palpate around the mouth while pursing the lips or puckering.

11. Risorius

• Location: Runs horizontally from the corner of the mouth to the fascia over the masseter.

• Movement: Draws the corners of the mouth sideways (used in grinning).

• Palpation: Palpate near the corners of the mouth when pulling them outward (fake smiling).

12. Mentalis

• Location: Found on the chin, originating from the mandible.

• Movement: Elevates and wrinkles the skin of the chin and protrudes the lower lip (used in pouting).

• Palpation: Palpate the chin area by protruding the lower lip and feeling the tension.

13. Sternocleidomastoid (SCM)

• Location: Runs from the sternum and clavicle to the mastoid process behind the ear.

• Movement: Flexes the neck (forward and to the side) and rotates the head.

• Palpation: Easily palpable on the side of the neck when turning the head to the opposite side.

14. Levator Scapulae

• Location: Located at the side and back of the neck, extending from the cervical vertebrae to the scapula.

• Movement: Elevates the scapula and helps in neck extension and lateral flexion.

• Palpation: Palpate by placing fingers at the top of the shoulder blade and neck when shrugging the shoulder.

BACK AND SPINE

1. Trapezius

The trapezius is divided into three parts: upper, middle, and lower, and each has distinct functions.

• Upper Trapezius

  • Location: Runs from the base of the skull (occipital bone) and cervical spine to the lateral third of the clavicle.

  • Movement: Elevates the scapula (shoulder shrugging) and extends the neck.

  • Palpation: Easily palpable at the top of the shoulders during shoulder elevation (shrugging).

• Middle Trapezius

  • Location: Runs from the upper thoracic vertebrae (T1-T5) to the scapular spine.

  • Movement: Retracts the scapula (pulls the shoulder blades together).

  • Palpation: Palpate between the shoulder blades when pulling them together (scapular retraction).

• Lower Trapezius

  • Location: Runs from the mid to lower thoracic vertebrae (T6-T12) to the base of the scapular spine.

  • Movement: Depresses and rotates the scapula downward.

  • Palpation: Difficult to palpate, but can be felt in the lower back area between the spine and scapula during scapular depression.

2. Latissimus Dorsi

• Location: Located in the lower back, spanning from the lower thoracic and lumbar vertebrae, sacrum, and iliac crest to the humerus.

• Movement: Extends, adducts, and medially rotates the arm (used in pulling movements).

• Palpation: Palpate along the sides of the back, near the posterior axillary fold (armpit), while extending or adducting the arm.

3. Supraspinatus

• Location: Sits in the supraspinous fossa (above the spine of the scapula) and attaches to the top of the humerus.

• Movement: Abducts the arm at the shoulder (first 15° of movement).

• Palpation: Can be palpated by placing fingers above the spine of the scapula when abducting the arm.

4. Infraspinatus

• Location: Occupies the infraspinous fossa (below the spine of the scapula) and attaches to the posterior part of the humerus.

• Movement: Externally rotates the arm.

• Palpation: Palpate below the scapular spine when externally rotating the arm.

5. Rhomboids (Major and Minor)

• Location: Located between the spine and the scapula, running from the cervical and upper thoracic vertebrae (C7-T5) to the medial border of the scapula.

  • Rhomboid Minor: Superior and smaller, running from C7-T1 to the scapula.

  • Rhomboid Major: Inferior and larger, running from T2-T5 to the scapula.

• Movement: Retracts and elevates the scapula.

• Palpation: Difficult to palpate directly, but tension can be felt near the medial border of the scapula during scapular retraction (pulling the shoulder blades together).

6. Teres Major

• Location: Runs from the lower lateral border of the scapula to the humerus (just below the shoulder joint).

• Movement: Extends, adducts, and medially rotates the arm.

• Palpation: Palpate along the lower border of the scapula, just above the Latissimus dorsi, during arm extension or adduction.

7. Teres Minor

• Location: Runs from the lateral border of the scapula to the posterior part of the humerus, just below the shoulder joint.

• Movement: Externally rotates and adducts the arm.

• Palpation: Palpate on the posterior aspect of the shoulder near the armpit while externally rotating the arm.

8. Erector Spinae

• Location: A group of muscles (iliocostalis, longissimus, and spinalis) running vertically along the spine from the sacrum and iliac crest up to the skull.

• Movement: Extends and laterally flexes the spine, helping maintain an upright posture.

• Palpation: Palpate along the length of the spine on either side during back extension or lateral flexion.

UPPER EXTREMITY

1. Pectoralis Major

• Location: Spans from the clavicle, sternum, and ribs to the humerus (upper arm bone).

• Movement: Adducts, flexes, and medially rotates the arm at the shoulder.

• Palpation: Can be palpated by placing fingers on the chest near the armpit while performing arm adduction or internal rotation.

2. Deltoids

• Location: Covers the shoulder joint, with three parts: anterior, middle, and posterior.

  • Anterior: Front of the shoulder.

  • Middle: Lateral shoulder.

  • Posterior: Back of the shoulder.

• Movement:

  • Anterior: Flexes and medially rotates the arm.

  • Middle: Abducts the arm.

  • Posterior: Extends and laterally rotates the arm.

• Palpation: Palpate the bulk of the shoulder while raising the arm in any of the deltoid movements.

3. Biceps Brachii

• Location: Runs from the scapula to the radius in the upper arm.

• Movement: Flexes the elbow and supinates the forearm.

• Palpation: Can be easily palpated on the front of the upper arm when bending the elbow or turning the palm upward.

4. Triceps Brachii

• Location: Located on the back of the upper arm, extending from the scapula and humerus to the ulna.

• Movement: Extends the elbow and assists in shoulder extension.

• Palpation: Palpate the back of the upper arm when extending the elbow.

5. Pronator Teres

• Location: Runs from the medial epicondyle of the humerus and the ulna to the lateral radius.

• Movement: Pronates the forearm (turns the palm downwards).

• Palpation: Can be palpated near the medial elbow during pronation of the forearm.

6. Flexor Carpi Radialis

• Location: Runs from the medial epicondyle of the humerus to the base of the second and third metacarpal bones (index and middle finger).

• Movement: Flexes and abducts the wrist.

• Palpation: Palpate the tendon at the wrist just lateral to the palmaris longus tendon during wrist flexion.

7. Flexor Digitorum Superficialis

• Location: Located in the anterior forearm, running from the humerus, ulna, and radius to the middle phalanges of the fingers.

• Movement: Flexes the fingers at the proximal interphalangeal joints and flexes the wrist.

• Palpation: Palpate the forearm during finger flexion, particularly near the wrist and the middle of the forearm.

8. Brachioradialis

• Location: Runs from the lateral humerus to the distal radius.

• Movement: Flexes the elbow, particularly in a mid-pronated position (like a handshake).

• Palpation: Easily palpable on the lateral forearm during elbow flexion with the forearm in a neutral position.

9. Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus

• Location: Runs from the lateral epicondyle of the humerus to the base of the second metacarpal (index finger).

• Movement: Extends and abducts the wrist.

• Palpation: Palpate on the lateral side of the forearm during wrist extension and abduction.

10. Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis

• Location: Runs from the lateral epicondyle of the humerus to the base of the third metacarpal (middle finger).

• Movement: Extends and abducts the wrist.

• Palpation: Palpate alongside the extensor carpi radialis longus tendon during wrist extension.

11. Extensor Digitorum

• Location: Runs from the lateral epicondyle of the humerus to the distal phalanges of the fingers.

• Movement: Extends the fingers and the wrist.

• Palpation: Palpate the back of the hand and forearm while extending the fingers.

12. Extensor Carpi Ulnaris

• Location: Runs from the lateral epicondyle of the humerus to the base of the fifth metacarpal (pinky finger).

• Movement: Extends and adducts the wrist.

• Palpation: Palpate the tendon on the posterior, ulnar side of the wrist during wrist extension.

13. Thenar Muscles

• Location: Found at the base of the thumb, consisting of the abductor pollicis brevis, flexor pollicis brevis, and opponens pollicis.

• Movement: Controls thumb movements, including abduction, flexion, and opposition.

• Palpation: Easily palpable at the base of the thumb during thumb movements, particularly in opposition.

14. Adductor Pollicis

• Location: Runs from the metacarpals of the index and middle fingers to the base of the thumb.

• Movement: Adducts the thumb (moves it toward the palm).

• Palpation: Palpate between the thumb and index finger when squeezing the thumb toward the hand.

15. Hypothenar Muscles

• Location: Found at the base of the pinky finger, consisting of the abductor digiti minimi, flexor digiti minimi brevis, and opponens digiti minimi.

• Movement: Controls pinky finger movements, including abduction, flexion, and opposition.

• Palpation: Palpate at the base of the pinky during any pinky finger movement.

16. Lumbricals of the Hand

• Location: Located in the palm, originating from the tendons of the flexor digitorum profundus and inserting into the extensor hoods of the fingers.

• Movement: Flexes the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joints and extends the interphalangeal (IP) joints.

• Palpation: Difficult to palpate directly, but tension can be felt in the palm during finger flexion at the MCP joints and extension at the IP joints.

LOWER EXTREMITY

1. Iliacus

• Location: Lies in the iliac fossa of the pelvis and joins with the psoas to attach to the lesser trochanter of the femur.

• Movement: Flexes the hip.

• Palpation: Palpated deeply in the lower abdomen when flexing the hip while supine.

2. Psoas

• Location: Runs from the lumbar vertebrae to the lesser trochanter of the femur, merging with the iliacus to form the iliopsoas.

• Movement: Flexes the hip and assists in lumbar spine flexion.

• Palpation: Difficult to palpate due to its depth, but deep palpation in the lower abdomen while flexing the hip may give a sensation of the muscle.

3. Sartorius

• Location: Runs diagonally across the anterior thigh from the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) to the medial side of the tibia.

• Movement: Flexes, abducts, and externally rotates the hip; flexes the knee.

• Palpation: Palpate along the anterior thigh, especially when the hip is flexed and externally rotated (crossing legs).

4. Tensor Fascia Latae (TFL)

• Location: Located on the lateral aspect of the hip, running from the ASIS to the iliotibial band.

• Movement: Assists in hip abduction, flexion, and internal rotation; stabilizes the pelvis during walking.

• Palpation: Palpate the muscle on the lateral hip when standing and lifting the leg sideways (hip abduction).

5. Iliotibial Band (ITB)

• Location: A long fibrous band running along the lateral side of the thigh from the iliac crest to the tibia.

• Movement: Stabilizes the knee during walking and running.

• Palpation: Easily palpable along the lateral thigh when tensing the TFL or gluteus maximus.

6. Quadriceps Group

• Location: Anterior thigh, from the hip to the patella and tibial tuberosity. Consists of four muscles:

  • Rectus Femoris

    • Movement: Flexes the hip and extends the knee.

    • Palpation: Easily palpable in the middle of the anterior thigh when extending the knee.

  • Vastus Lateralis

    • Movement: Extends the knee.

    • Palpation: Palpate on the lateral side of the thigh when extending the knee.

  • Vastus Medialis

    • Movement: Extends the knee.

    • Palpation: Palpate on the medial side of the thigh near the knee during knee extension.

  • Vastus Intermedius

    • Movement: Extends the knee (located deep to the rectus femoris).

    • Palpation: Difficult to palpate due to its deep location.

7. Pectineus

• Location: Located in the groin, running from the pubis to the femur.

• Movement: Adducts and flexes the hip.

• Palpation: Palpate deep in the upper groin while adducting the thigh.

8. Gracilis

• Location: A long, thin muscle running along the inner thigh from the pubis to the tibia.

• Movement: Adducts the thigh and flexes the knee.

• Palpation: Palpate along the medial thigh when adducting the leg.

9. Adductor Longus

• Location: Runs from the pubis to the middle of the femur.

• Movement: Adducts and medially rotates the thigh.

• Palpation: Palpate along the medial thigh when squeezing the legs together (hip adduction).

10. Adductor Magnus

• Location: A large muscle running from the pelvis to the entire length of the femur.

• Movement: Adducts and extends the thigh.

• Palpation: Palpate deep in the inner thigh during adduction and extension of the hip.

11. Gluteus Maximus

• Location: The largest muscle of the buttocks, running from the ilium, sacrum, and coccyx to the femur and IT band.

• Movement: Extends and externally rotates the hip.

• Palpation: Easily palpable on the buttocks during hip extension or when standing up from a squat.

12. Gluteus Medius

• Location: Lies under the gluteus maximus, running from the ilium to the greater trochanter of the femur.

• Movement: Abducts and internally rotates the hip; stabilizes the pelvis.

• Palpation: Palpate the lateral hip when lifting the leg sideways (hip abduction).

13. Gluteus Minimus

• Location: Lies beneath the gluteus medius, running from the ilium to the greater trochanter of the femur.

• Movement: Abducts and internally rotates the hip.

• Palpation: Difficult to palpate directly due to its depth but can sense activation during hip abduction.

14. Hamstring Group

• Location: Posterior thigh, consisting of three muscles:

  • Biceps Femoris

    • Movement: Flexes the knee and extends the hip.

    • Palpation: Palpate along the lateral posterior thigh when bending the knee.

  • Semitendinosus

    • Movement: Flexes the knee and extends the hip.

    • Palpation: Palpate along the medial posterior thigh during knee flexion.

  • Semimembranosus

    • Movement: Flexes the knee and extends the hip.

    • Palpation: Palpate deep on the medial side of the posterior thigh near the semitendinosus.

15. Tibialis Anterior

• Location: Runs along the lateral side of the tibia from the upper tibia to the first metatarsal and medial cuneiform.

• Movement: Dorsiflexes and inverts the foot.

• Palpation: Palpate along the shin when pulling the foot upward (dorsiflexion).

16. Extensor Digitorum Longus

• Location: Runs from the tibia and fibula to the distal phalanges of the toes.

• Movement: Extends the toes and dorsiflexes the foot.

• Palpation: Palpate on the top of the foot when extending the toes.

17. Fibularis (Peroneus) Longus

• Location: Runs along the lateral side of the lower leg from the fibula to the base of the first metatarsal.

• Movement: Everts and plantarflexes the foot.

• Palpation: Palpate along the lateral lower leg while everting the foot.

18. Gastrocnemius

• Location: A large muscle on the posterior calf, running from the femur to the calcaneus (heel) via the Achilles tendon.

• Movement: Plantarflexes the foot and flexes the knee.

• Palpation: Easily palpable on the back of the calf during foot plantarflexion (standing on tiptoes).

19. Plantaris

• Location: A small muscle located above the gastrocnemius, running from the femur to the calcaneus.

• Movement: Assists in plantarflexion of the foot.

• Palpation: Difficult to palpate due to its small size and deep location.

20. Soleus

• Location: Lies beneath the gastrocnemius, running from the tibia and fibula to the calcaneus.

• Movement: Plantarflexes the foot.

• Palpation: Palpate deep to the gastrocnemius while performing plantarflexion with a bent knee.

21. Lumbricals of the Foot

• Location: Located on the plantar side of the foot, running from the tendons of the flexor digitorum longus to the toes.

• Movement: Flexes the metatarsophalangeal joints and extends the interphalangeal joints.

• Palpation: Difficult to palpate due to their small size and deep location in the foot.

22. Plantar Aponeurosis

• Location: A thick band of connective tissue running along the sole of the foot from the heel to the toes.

• Movement: Supports the arch of the foot.

• Palpation: Easily palpable on the sole of the foot, particularly near the heel, when stretching or standing.

23. Abductor Digiti Minimi (Foot)

• Location: Runs along the lateral side of the foot from the calcaneus to the base of the little toe.

• Movement: Abducts the little toe.

• Palpation: Palpate the lateral border of the foot while moving the little toe outward.

24. Abductor Hallucis

• Location: Runs along the medial side of the foot from the calcaneus to the base of the big toe.

• Movement: Abducts the big toe.

• Palpation: Palpate along the medial border of the foot during abduction of the big toe.