AP Human Geography 10.1 Notes

Key Issue 1: Why Does Development Vary Among Countries?

INTRODUCING DEVELOPMENT

Learning Outcome 10.1.1 - Understand the Human Development Index

1. What is meant by development in geographic terms?

   • Development refers to improving conditions of people through the diffusion of knowledge and technology.

2. Country Classification:

   • All countries are divided into one of two groups:

     • Developed

     • Developing (LDC - Less Developed Countries)

3. What is the highest possible Human Development Index (HDI)?

   • The highest HDI possible is 1.0 or 100.

4. Factors Used in Calculating HDI:

   • a. Decent standard of living

   • b. Long and healthy life

   • c. Access to knowledge

5. Regions Ranked by HDI (Figure 10-2):

   • Highest: North America and Europe

   • Lowest: Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia

6. U.N. Reclassification of Russia:

   • The U.N. reclassified Russia as high developing due to limited progress in development since communism.

A DECENT STANDARD OF LIVING

Learning Outcome 10.1.2 - Identify the HDI Standard of Living Factor

7. Gross National Income (GNI):

   • GNI refers to the value of the output of goods and services in a country in a year.

8. Purchasing Power Parity (PPP):

   • PPP is the adjustment made to GNI to account for differences in the cost of goods between countries.

9. Difference Between GNI and GDP:

   • GDP measures the output of goods and services produced in a country in a year, while GNI includes net income from abroad.

10. Flaws in Comparing Countries by GNI:

    • GNI does not accurately reflect the distribution of income among residents of a country.

11. Job Categories:

    • a. Primary Sector: Activities that extract materials directly from the Earth (e.g., fishing, mining, forestry).

    • b. Secondary Sector: Manufacturing activities that transform raw materials into products.

    • c. Tertiary Sector: Provision of services in exchange for payment (e.g., retail, innovation).

      • Further division:

      • Quaternary Sector: Research, development, education, tourism, etc.

      • Quinary Sector: High-level decision making and scientific research.

12. Indication of Lower GNI from Primary Sector in Developed Countries:

    • Indicates that a few farmers provide food for the entire society, leading to higher efficiencies.

13. Productivity and Value Added:

    • Productivity: The value of a product relative to the labor needed to produce it.

    • Value Added: Calculated as the gross value of a product minus the costs of raw materials and energy.

14. Productivity Differences Between Developed and Developing Countries:

    • Workers in developed countries are considered more productive due to access to more advanced machinery and technology.

ACCESS TO KNOWLEDGE

Learning Outcome 10.1.3 - Identify the HDI Education Factors

15. Factors Measuring Knowledge Component of HDI:

    • a. Years of schooling for today's adults: 11.5 years

    • b. Expected years of schooling for today's youth: 16.3 years

16. Regional Variations in Knowledge Component:

    • a. Pupil/Teacher Ratio: Number of enrolled students divided by the number of teachers.

    • b. Literacy Rate: Percentage of people in a country who can read and write.

17. Challenges in Improving Education for Developing Nations:

    • a. Scarcity of funds for educational resources.

    • b. Necessity for developing nations to access foreign-written educational materials.

HEALTH AND WEALTH

Learning Outcome 10.1.4 - Identify the HDI Health Factors

18. Health and Medical Factor Considered in HDI Calculation:

    • Life expectancy at birth.

19. Current Life Expectancy Statistics:

    • Average life expectancy for a baby born today is:

      • Worldwide: 71 years

      • Developed Countries: 80 years

      • Sub-Saharan Africa: 57 years

20. Reasons for Better Health in Developed Countries:

    • a. Availability of better medical care and healthcare infrastructure.

    • b. Public assistance programs for those in need of healthcare services.

21. Dependency Ratio Differences:

    • Developed countries generally have a lower dependency ratio; in developing countries, the number of young people is significantly higher than the elderly.

      • In developing countries, young people are six times the number of elderlies, compared to developed countries which maintain balance.

22. Higher Infant Mortality Rate Factors in Developing Countries:

    • Malnutrition

    • Inadequate access to medicine

    • Poor hygiene

23. Availability of Consumer Goods in Developed vs. Developing Countries:

    • Consumer goods like automobiles, telephones, and computers are more accessible in developed countries compared to LDCs.

    • In LDCs, access is typically limited to government officials, business owners, and the elite.

24. Rapid Expansion of Cell Phone Ownership in LDCs:

    • Cell phones are expanding rapidly due to their independence from wired infrastructure, allowing rural and urban access.

Key Issue 2: Where Are Inequalities in Development Found?

UNEQUAL AND UNEVEN DEVELOPMENT

Learning Outcome 10.2.1 - Describe the U.N.'s Measures of Inequality

25. Inequality-Adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI):

    • The IHDI differs from the HDI in that it measures the extent of inequality within the dimensions of human development.

26. Implication of Lower IHDI compared to HDI:

    • A lower IHDI indicates greater inequality; the larger the difference between the two, the more significant the inequality in development.

27. Regions with Lowest IHDI Scores:

    • Sub-Saharan Africa

    • South Asia

28. Regional Internal Variations in GNI per Capita:

    • Developing countries like Brazil and Turkey display high internal variations.

      • In Turkey, wealth is concentrated in the western region, while in Brazil, it is concentrated in the southeastern region.

29. Reduction of Regional Internal Variations in Developed Countries:

    • During the 20th century, wealth redistribution through healthcare investments contributed to smaller disparities in income levels across regions.

GENDER INEQUALITY

Learning Outcome 10.2.2 - Describe the U.N.'s Measures of Gender Inequality

30. Factors Limiting Women's Participation in Development:

    • a. Cultural constraints

    • b. Legal barriers

31. Gender-Related Development Index (GDI):

    • GDI measures the gender gap in achievement and development across three major factors: income, life expectancy, and education access.