Organic Chem 

Introductory Information:

  • All of  life is built on carbon 

  • Cells are 72% H2O and 25% carbon compounds and 3% salt

  • Organic Chemistry is the study of  carbon compounds 

  • Polar → oppositely charged 

  • Non-polar → equally charged and covalent bonds ( mutual sharing of one or more pairs of electrons between two atoms)

  • Hydrolysis Synthesis 

  • Dehydration  Synthesis 

Types of structures: 

Hydrocarbons: (non-polar),hydrophobic , and gas at room temperature 

Isomers

  • Molecules with the same molecular formula and different structure

  • Diffrent chem properties 

  • Diffrent biological functions 

  • Form affects function 

  • Structural différences create important functional significance 

Functional Groups:

  • Parts of organic molecules that are involved in chemical reactions 

  • Hydroxyl, amino, carbonyl, carboxyl, sulfydryl, phosphate

 

Prefixes and suffixes:

(Refer to knowt.io)

Meth 1

Eth 2

Prop 3

But 4

Pent 5

Hex 6

Hept 7

Oct 8

Non 9

Dec 10

Ane all single bonds 

Ene at least one double 

Yne at least one triple 

Diversity of molecules:

  • Substitute other atoms or groups around the carbon 

  • Gas vs liquid 

  • Polar vs non polar 

  • Biological effects 

Hydroxyl 

  • OH (alcohols) 
  • Names typically end in OL 
  • EX: ethanol 

Carbonyl 

  • O double bonded to C (C=O)
  • If C=O to end molecule aldehyde 
  • C=O in the middle of molecule ketone 

Carboxyl 

  • COOH 
  • C double bonded to O & single bonded to OH group 
  • Acids 

Amino 

  • NH2 
  • Amono acids 
  • NH2 acts as bases 

Sulfhydryl 

  • SH
  • S bonded to H
  • Compounds with SH=thiols 

Phosphate 

  • PO4 

  • Lots of o+lots of neg charge 

  • Highly reactive 

                       Proteins 

Introductory information:

  • Most structurally and functionally diverse group 

  • Involved in primarily everything 

  • Enzymes (pepsin and DNA polymerase)

  • Structure (keratin and collagen)

  • Carriers & transportation (hemoglobin and aquaporin) 

  • Cell communication 

    -  Signals  (insulin and other hormones) 

    -  Receptors 

  • Denfesnse (antibodies)

  • Movement (actin and myosin)

  • Storage (bean seed proteins)

Structure:

  • Monomer = amino acids 

  • Polymer = polypeptide 

  • Peptide bond and a polypeptide chain

  • Amino acids -> central carbon, amino group, carboxyl group, R group  

Non-polar:

(Non-polar and hydrophobic)

  • Glycine (Gly)

  • Alanine (Ala)

  • Valine (Val)

Polar:

(Polar and hydrophilic)

  • Serine (ser)

  • Cysteine (cys)

  • Histidine (his)

Peptide bonds:

  • covalent bond between NH2 (amine) of one amino acid 

  • C — N bond 

Primary 1* structure 

  • Order of amino acids in chain 

  • Amino acid sequence determined by gene (DNA)

  • Slight change in amino acid sequence and function 

Secondary 2* structure

  • Local folding 

  • Folding along short sections of polypeptide 

  • Interactions amino acids 

  • Forms of section 3-D structures 

Tertiary 3* structure:

  • Entire molecule folding 

Quaternary 4* structure:

  • More than one polypeptide chain bonded together 

  • Becomes functional protein 

  • Hydrophobic 

                    Carbohydrates 

Functions:

  • Comprises of C, H, O
  • Provides energy, storage of energy, raw materials, and structural materials 
  • Monomer -> simple sugar (monosaccaride)
  • Polymer -> polysaccharides, starch, glycogen 

Building sugars:

  • Dehydration synthesis 
  • Forms a glycosidic linkage 

Cellulose:

  • Most abundant organic compound 

  • 100- 1,000 glucose monomers 

                    Lipids 

Structure:

  • Dehydration synthesis 
  • Ester linkage is evident between OH&COOH
  • Long HC chain 

Purpose of fats:

  • Energy storage 

  • Cushion organs 

  • Insulates the body

Saturated fats:

  • All C bonded to H 

  • No double carbon bonds 

  • Long and straight 

  • Animal fats and solid at room temp

Unsaturated Fats:

  • Primarily double bonds 

  • Fish and veggie fats 

  • Liquid at room temp 

Phospholipds:

  • Tails are fatty acids -> hydrophobic (hide)

  • Heads are PO4 -> hydrophilic (attract)

Steroids:

  • different steroids are created by attaching different functional groups to rings

  • Different structures created different functions