Law of Effect (Thorndike) - Quick Notes

Key Idea

• Law of Effect: behaviors followed by satisfying outcomes are more likely to be repeated; behaviors followed by unsatisfying outcomes are less likely to recur.
• Core concept in learning theory and foundation for behaviorism and operant conditioning.
• Behavior is influenced by its consequences.

Origin

• Developed by Edward Thorndike in early 20th century.
• Demonstrated with animals (cats) in puzzle boxes; rewards shape behavior.

Mechanism

• Positive outcomes reinforce behavior: P(\text{repeat} \mid \text{positive}) \uparrow
• Negative outcomes weaken behavior: P(\text{repeat} \mid \text{negative}) \downarrow
• Distinguishes reinforcement (positives) vs punishment (negatives) in learning.

Examples

• Thorndike’s puzzle-box cats repeat successful actions that led to rewards.
• Classroom: correct answers + praise -> more participation.
• Parenting: chores rewarded with extra playtime -> more consistent chores.

Applications

• Education: praise, stickers, privileges as positive reinforcement.
• Workplace: bonuses, recognition to boost productivity.
• Behavioral therapy: reinforce positive behaviors; reduce harmful ones.

Limitations and Contemporary Views

• Criticisms: oversimplifies by focusing on external consequences; neglects internal factors (motivation, emotions, cognition).
• Not all behaviors are equally influenced by rewards/punishments; some persist without reinforcement.
• Modern theories (cognitive, social learning) incorporate internal processes and observational learning to expand on the law of effect.