Human anatomy study

Anatomy -the study of the structure of the human body

Physiology - the study of the function of the human body

Integumentary- External body covering (skin). Synthesizes Vitamin D

2. Skeletal- Protects/supports body organs. Stores minerals. Site of blood cell formation

3. Muscular- Allows locomotion. Produces heat

4. Nervous- Fast acting control system. Responds to internal/external change.

5. Endocrine- Secretes regulatory hormones.

6. Cardiovascular- Transports materials in body via blood pumped by heart.

7. Lymphatic- Returns fluids to blood vessels. Disposes of debris. Involved in immunity.

8. Respiratory- Keeps blood supplied with oxygen. Removes carbon dioxide

9. Digestive- Breaks down food.

10. Urinary- Eliminates nitrogenous waste. Maintains pH balance

11. Reproductive- Production of offspring.

Movement - change in position; motion

Responsiveness - reaction to a change

Growth - increase in body size; no change in shape

Reproduction - production of new organisms and new cells

Respiration - obtaining oxygen; removing carbon dioxide; releasing energy from foods

Digestion - breakdown of food substances into simpler forms

Absorption - passage of substances through membranes and into body fluids

Circulation - movement of substances in body fluids

Assimilation - changing of absorbed substances into chemically different forms

Excretion - removal of wastes produced by metabolic reactions

Maintaining of a stable internal environment

Homeostatic Control Mechanisms - monitors aspects of the internal environment and corrects as needed. Variations are within limits. There are three (3) parts:

T Receptor - provides information about the stimuli

Control Center - tells what a particular value should be (called the set point)

Effector - elicits responses that change conditions in the internal environment

Negative feedback mechanisms

Prevents sudden, severe changes in the body

Corrects the set point

Causes opposite of bodily disruption to occur, i.e. the 'negative'

Most common type of feedback loop

Examples: body temperature, blood pressure & glucose regulation

Positive feedback mechanisms

Increases (accelerates) the actions of the body

short-lived

do not require continuous adjustments

Examples: blood clotting and child birth

Visceral layer - covers an organ

Parietal layer – lines a cavity or body wall

Anatomical Position - standing erect, facing forward, upper limbs at the sides, palms facing forward and thumbs out

Superior (cranial): toward the head or upper part of the body.

Inferior (caudal): toward the feet or lower part of the body.

Superior (Cranial)

2. Anterior vs. Posterior (Ventral vs. Dorsal)

Anterior (ventral): toward the front of the body

Posterior (dorsal): toward the back of the body.

3. Medial vs. Lateral

Medial: toward the midline of the body.

Lateral: away from the midline of the body.

Medial (toward midline)

Lateral (away Frem midlins)

4. Ipsi-lateral vs. Contra-lateral

Ipsi-lateral on the same side of the body

Contra-lateral on the opposita side of the body

Ipsi-lateral (same side)

Contra-latinal

Inferior (Caudal)

Anterior (Ventral) (front)

Posterior (Dorsal) (back)

Lateral (mway from mmaline)

5. Proximal vs. Distal

Proximal: closer to the point of attachment or to the trunk.

Distal: farther from the point of attachment or to the trunk.

Proximal

(closer to trunk)

6. Superficial vs. Deep

Superficial: closer to the surface of the body.

Deep: farther from the surface of the body

Superficial (closer to surface)

7. Internal vs. External

Internal: inside the body or an organ

External: outside the body or on the surface.

Internal (rnide the body)

External

Distal (farther from trunk)

Muscle

Bone

Deep Farther fram surface)

Skin

Sagittal or Median - divides body into left and right portions

Mid-sagittal - divides body into equal left and right portions

Transverse or Horizontal - divides body into superior and

inferior portions

Coronal or Frontal – divides body into anterior and posterior portions