Industrialization Spreads Summary

Industrialization Overview

  • The Industrial Revolution began in Britain and spread globally.

  • Transition from cottage industry to factory-based production of cotton.

  • Industrialized Britain replaced goods from India and the Middle East.

Spread of Industrialization

  • Countries that industrialized after Britain: Belgium, France, Germany, Russia, Japan, and the U.S.

  • Necessary characteristics for industrialization: capital, natural resources, and transportation.

France and Germany

  • France: Limited labor due to sparsely populated urban centers; delays caused by the French Revolution and wars.

  • Germany: Political fragmentation delayed growth; unified in 1871, became a leader in steel and coal production.

United States

  • Industrial revolution began in the 19th century; key factor: human capital (a large immigrant workforce).

Agricultural Products for Trade (19th Century)

  • Wheat: Producers - Russia, Britain; Users - Britain.

  • Rubber: Producer - Brazilian Amazon; Users - Britain.

  • Palm Oil: Producers - West Africa, Indonesia; Users - Britain.

  • Sugar: Producers - Caribbean Islands, Brazil; Users - Britain.

  • Cattle and Hogs: Producers - U.S., Ireland, Argentina; Users - Britain, U.S.

  • Cotton: Producer - U.S.; Users - Britain.

Russia's Industrialization

  • Focused on railroads; by 1900, extensive rail connections established.

  • The Trans-Siberian Railroad facilitated trade, significant growth in coal, iron, and steel industries.

Japan's Industrialization

  • Japan was the first Asian country to industrialize, using defensive modernization to adapt Western technology while preserving culture.

Shifts in Manufacturing

  • Decline of manufacturing share in Middle Eastern and Asian regions despite continued production.

Shipbuilding and Iron Works in India

  • Decline in Indian shipbuilding and mineral production due to British mismanagement and tariffs during colonization.

  • Indian Navy disbanded by 1863; British control led to abandoned mines and lack of innovation.

Textile Production in India and Egypt

  • British colonization disrupted India's flourishing textile trade, favoring British mills.

  • Egypt's textile industry lost markets due to European competition by the mid-19th century.