ISLAMIAT LECTURE 9 RIGHTLY GUIDED CALIPHS (2)

ISLAMIAT LECTURE 9

RIGHTLY GUIDED CALIPHS (2)

  1. Hazrat Umar:
     Election:

 When Hazrat Abu Bakr’s illness prolonged and grew severe, he suggested the name of Hazrat Umar as his successor, to his companions
 The companions said that he is too stern to be caliph
 But he said that the pressure of caliphate will make him soft
 Thus he was nominated as caliph

 Expansion:

Battle Year Army Leader Why Events
Yarmuk 15 AH - enemy: 260,000

  • Muslim:
    40,0000 Khalid Bin Waleed and later Abu Ubaidah Bin Jarrah Byzantinian emperor had sent an army against muslims which camped at Yarmuk - negotiation phase: Romans offered money if mulslims retreat – rejected
  • muslims laid down 3 options
  • they chose the 3rd one
    -war began
    -By 6th day, only 1/3rd of the Byzantanian army remained
  • storm destroyed their tents
  • fled in confusion
    -opened up in Syria

Qadisiya 17 AH - enemy: 120,000

  • Muslim:
    28,0000 Saad Bin Abi Waqas Persian emperor Yazdgard, had assembled a large army under the command of Rustum -Hazrat Umar declared jihad and raised an army
    -told them to camp out Euphrates and invite the emperor to Islam
  • there, the muslims were ill treated
  • so the muslims laid down 3 options before them and they chose the latter
    -Saad Bin abi Waqas gave instructions from sick bed since he wasn’t feeling well
    -Rustum was killed – muslims won
  • opened up in Persia
  • madain, babal captured
    Nihawand 21 AH - enemy: 60,000
  • Muslim:
    30,0000 - Persians broke the peace treaty -armies met at Nihawand
  • indecisive war for 3 days
  • Persians hod in their caves
  • Muslims got them out using a clever strategy
  • proper war began
  • muslims victorious
    -emperor fled to Isfahan
    -opened up in Iraq
    Jerusalem - - Amr Bin Aas Muslim success in Yarmuk gave them success over Palestine -muslim army laid siege in Jerusalem – well fortified
    -severe winter added to difficulties
    -Amr Bin Aas asked for reinforcements
    -the jews got worried and surrendered
    -asked that the caliph should sign the treaty himself
    -Hazrat Umar came with only 1 slave

 Administration:

  • established the Majlis-e-Shura
  • constituted a larger body, Majlis-e-Aam
  • state was divided in provinces and each province had a wali
  • the provinces were further divided into districts and placed under Amils
  • all the Amils and Walis were called to Makkah on the occasion of Hajj where the Caliph would hear complaints against them
  • Qazis were given judicial functions
  • Established a department of fianace, Deewan
  • Maintained a well disciplined army divided into cavalry and infantry
  • Took special care of welfare of farmers
  • Planned cities like Kufa and Basra
  • Introduced the Hijra calendar

 Death:
Abu Lulu, an enslaved Persian captive was purchased by the governor of Basra. In Zillhajj 23 AH, when the caliph was leading the morning prayers, Abu Lulu attacked him with a dagger and inflicted several wounds; Hazrat Umar fell on the prayer mat. On his death bed, he asked permission to be buried alongside the Prophet, which was granted. 3 days later, he died.