Copy of 2024 Decoding the Flu Case Study (Viruses Transcription Translation Mutations)

At the DNA level, mutations can occur due to various mechanisms such as errors during DNA replication, exposure to environmental factors, or chemical agents. Here are the main types of mutations:

1. Point Mutations:

   • Silent Mutations: Change occurs in the nucleotide sequence but does not alter the amino acid sequence of the protein.

   • Missense Mutations: Result in a change in one amino acid in the protein, which can affect its function.

   • Nonsense Mutations: Lead to a premature stop codon, resulting in a truncated protein that is usually nonfunctional.

2. Frameshift Mutations:Caused by insertions or deletions of nucleotides that shift the reading frame, affecting all following amino acids in the sequence. This type of mutation can have severe consequences on protein function.

Mutations can be spontaneous or induced, and their effects can influence genetic diversity, evolution, and sometimes lead to diseases, including cancer.