UNIT.NO.2] CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND SERVICES
Page 1: Introduction
Basic Civil Engineering course overview
Page 2: Syllabus Overview
Unit 1: Introduction to Civil Engineering
Unit 2: Construction Materials and Services
Unit 3: Surveying
Unit 4: Water Supply and Drainage
Unit 5: Transportation Engineering
Unit 6: Water Resource Engineering
Page 3: Construction Materials and Services
Components in buildings and their functions:
Load bearing and framed structures
Key principles:
General principles of building planning
Construction materials:
Properties and uses of:
Stone
Brick
Tile
Timber
Cement
Sand
Lime
Mortar
Concrete
Bitumen
Steel
Building Services: Types of building services include:
Plumbing & sanitation
Water supply & drainage system
Page 4: Components of Building
Structure Components:
Substructure: Below ground surface (foundations)
Superstructure: Above ground components
Substructure Details:
Foundations (footing, pier, caisson, pile system)
Supports the entire superstructure and transfers load
Page 5: Functions of Foundation
Primary Functions:
Transfers load uniformly to sub-soil
Provides stability against forces like wind and rain
Prevents lateral escape of supporting materials
Offers a level bed for masonry and concreting
Materials Used:
Plain Cement Concrete (P.C.C)
Reinforced Cement Concrete (R.C.C)
Stones
Page 6: Plinth
Definition: Portion above ground but below ground floor level
Functions:
Protects building from weather effects
Supports superstructure and provides stability
Adds aesthetic dimension
Standards: Height typically ranges between 45cm to 120cm
Materials Used:
Stones
Bricks
Page 7: Damp Proof Course (D.P.C.)
Definition and Purpose: Layer inhibiting moisture entry
Materials Used:
Stone slabs of impervious variety
Plain cement concrete
Page 8: Structure Overview
Visual depiction of sub-structure and superstructure components
Page 9: Difference between Substructure & Superstructure
Substructure:
Below ground; consists of foundation
Not modifiable after construction
Transmits loads to wider areas
Superstructure:
Above ground including beams, walls, doors
Can be modified in future
Page 10: Superstructure Components
Includes Elements:
Floor
Wall
Column
Beam
Roof
Doors and Windows
Lintel
Sill
Staircase
Parapet
Weather Shed
Page 11: Superstructure Detail
Definition: Part constructed above plinth
Types of Super-structure:
Load Bearing
Framed Structure
Composite Structure
Page 12: Floors
Definition: Horizontal surface for occupants
Materials: Various flooring options (e.g., tiles, marble)
Functions: Resistance to wear and tear, thermal insulation, load-bearing capability
Page 13: Walls
Definition: Vertical structural members
Types of Masonry: Brick, stone, cement block, and composite masonry
Functions: Outlines building limits, supports roofs or acts as partitions
Page 14: Columns
Definition: Vertical components in framed structures
Materials: Reinforced Cement Concrete
Functions: Support floors and compressive loads
Page 15: Column Types
Visual representation of various column types
Page 16: Beams
Definition: Horizontal members of building
Materials: Steel, Reinforced Cement Concrete, Timber
Functions: Support transverse loads and take tensile loads
Page 17: Beam Details
Visual representation of beams
Page 18: Roofs
Definition: Covering structure for buildings
Types: Pitched, flat, shell, and dome roofs
Functions: Protection against elements
Page 19: Doors
Definition: Openings for entrance and circulation
Types: Various styles (flush, paneled, glazed, etc.)
Functions: Allow movement while minimizing obstruction
Page 20: Windows
Definition: Openings for air and light
Types: Casement, double-hinge, sliding, etc.
Functions: Allow light and air circulation
Page 21: Lintel
Definition: Horizontal support for wall openings
Materials: R.C.C, timber, stone
Functions: Support wall portion above openings
Page 22: Lintel Details
Visual representation of lintels
Page 23: Sill
Definition: Base of window or door openings
Functions: Provides finish and support, sheds rainwater
Page 24: Sill Details
Visual representation of sills
Page 25: Staircase
Definition: Inclined passage for floor access
Materials: R.C.C, Steel, Timber
Functions: Facilitates movement between floors
Page 26: Staircase Types
Visual representation of staircase designs
Page 27: Parapet
Definition: Low-height wall at roof edge
Functions: Safety and protective barrier
Page 28: Parapet Details
Visual representation of parapets
Page 29: Weather Shed
Definition: Overhangs for weather protection
Functions: Protects inner room from weather conditions
Page 30: Load Bearing vs. Framed Structure
Load Bearing Structure:
Wall supports loads; less flexible
Framed Structure:
Slabs and beams carry weight; more flexible and faster construction
Page 31: Further Comparison
Load Bearing vs. Framed structure differences regarding soil, supervision, and fire hazards
Page 32: Load Bearing Wall Structure
Visual representation of a load-bearing wall structure
Page 33: Framed Structure
Visual representation of a R.C.C framed structure
Page 34: Composite Structure
Visual representation of composite structure
Page 35: Building Planning
Importance of planning on paper and architect's drawings
Types of buildings: residential and public
Page 36: Principles of Planning
Key principles include aspects like:
Aspect
Prospect
Orientation
Privacy
Grouping
Roominess
Furniture Requirement
Sanitation
Elegance
Economy
Access
Architectural Composition
Climate Effect
Page 37: Aspect
Positioning of windows and doors for natural light and ventilation
Page 38: Aspect Diagram
Visual representation showing aspect principles
Page 39: Prospect
Utilizing favorable external views while blocking unpleasant ones
Page 40: Prospect Continued
Illustrating advantages of good prospecting for interior views
Page 41: Orientation
Room placement relative to north to optimize energy and comfort
Page 42: Orientation Diagram
Visual representation of building orientation principles
Page 43: Privacy
External Privacy: Building's privacy from neighbors' views
Internal Privacy: Measures to prevent views from room to room
Page 44: External Privacy Details
Visual representation of ensuring external privacy
Page 45: Internal Privacy
Techniques to maintain privacy internally through door placement and screens
Page 46: Internal Privacy Diagram
Visual representation illustrating levels of internal privacy
Page 47: Circulation
Definition and importance of circulation within a building
Types of Circulation:
Horizontal Circulation
Vertical Circulation
Page 48: Circulation Defined
Horizontal impacts room arrangements, while vertical includes stairs and lifts
Page 49: Circulation Layout
Visual depiction of horizontal and vertical circulation layouts
Page 50: Grouping
Bringing rooms with similar functions into proximity for efficiency
Page 51: Grouping Examples
Illustrating effective and ineffective grouping in building layouts
Page 52: Roominess
The perception of space; how room shapes influence perceived dimensions
Page 53: Roominess Illustration
Examples illustrating perception differences between square and rectangular rooms
Page 54: Furniture Requirement
Incorporating furniture needs for better interior design and circulation
Page 55: Furniture Arrangement Importance
Furniture layout impacts circulation efficiency and aesthetics
Page 56: Sanitation
Importance of proper lighting, ventilation, and drainage in buildings
Page 57: Elegance
Aesthetic considerations for external and internal appearances of buildings
Page 58: Elegance Continuation
Visual concepts of elegance in architectural design
Page 59: Economy
Emphasizes on reducing waste during planning to enhance cost-effectiveness
Concepts like A-B-C analysis and Economic Order Quantity for efficient material management
Page 60: Access
Definition focusing on ease of navigation within buildings and public spaces
Page 61: Architectural Composition
The necessity of aesthetic considerations for uplifting building appearances
Page 62: Architectural Composition Details
Visual representation of architectural composition principles
Page 63: Climate Effect on Planning
How different climates dictate architectural decisions from design to materials
Page 64: Typical Building Layout
Importance of pre-construction planning including layouts and site preparation
Page 65: Construction Materials Overview
List of fundamental building materials used in construction:
Stone
Brick
Tile
Timber
Cement
Sand
Lime
Mortar
Concrete
Bitumen
Steel
Page 66: Stones Introduction
Definition: Building stones from natural rocks
Processes: Dressing to achieve usable shapes for construction
Page 67: Properties of Good Building Stone
Requirements including strength, durability, appearance, and resistance to weathering
Page 68: Continued Properties of Stones
Considerations like porosity, specific gravity, and chemical resistance
Page 69: Uses of Stones
Applications in construction, including foundational work and decorative features
Page 70: Bricks
Definition: Common building material from clay
Composition: Key elements for good brick quality
Uses and Classifications: Construction applications for various classes of bricks
Page 71: Properties of Burnt Clay Brick
Desirable qualities for effective building bricks including strength and uniformity
Page 72: Timber
Definition and sources; versatility and historical importance in construction
Page 73: Uses of Timber
List of applications for timber in construction and finishing
Page 74: Properties of Good Timber
Characteristics necessary for longevity, appearance, and functionality in building
Page 75: Continued Timber Properties
Further qualities necessary for timber performance in construction
Page 76: Good Timber Structure
Importance of uniform structure, seasoning, and durability
Page 77: Steel
Definition and classification regarding its alloys and properties
Applications in construction for structural integrity and non-structural use
Page 78: Uses of Steel
Overview of steel applications in construction elements and structural components
Page 79: Properties of Steel
Essential qualities for functional steel in construction
Page 80: Cement
Definition and manufacturing process
Uses in construction as a binding agent and various applications
Page 81: Properties of Cement
Critical aspects that define cement’s role in construction
Page 82: Types of Cement
Categorized types of cement and their applications in construction
Page 83: Lime
Definition and natural availability; uses in construction and industrial processes
Page 84: Types of Lime
Different types of lime and their specialized applications
Page 85: Sand
Composition and classification
Roles sand plays in construction flexibility and durability
Page 86: Types of Sand
Differentiation between natural and artificial sands and their utilities
Page 87: Bitumen
Definition: A byproduct of crude oil; properties making it suitable for various applications
Page 88: Uses of Bitumen
Diverse applications especially in road construction and waterproofing
Page 89: Mortar
Composition and function in building as a binding agent
Page 90: Uses of Mortar
Various critical applications of mortar in construction practices
Page 91: Building Tiles
Definition: Durable clay or brick materials; types and properties
Page 92: Uses of Building Tiles
Comprehensive list of practical applications for tiles in buildings
Page 93: Concrete
Definition and basic composition; classifications of concrete types
Page 94: Properties of Concrete
Major quality indicators and application showcases of versatile concrete
Page 95: Building Services Overview
Definition and scope of building services integrating multiple systems
Page 96: Types of Building Services
Breakdown of essential building services enhancing functionality
Page 97: Plumbing & Sanitation Overview
Importance of plumbing for health and safety, comfort, and structural integrity
Page 98: Water Supply & Drainage Systems
Importance of robust water management systems for health and building integrity
Page 99: Assignment Task Overview
Questions addressing principles of building planning, structure types, elements of super-structure, and materials
Page 100: Conclusion
Acknowledgment and appreciation for the study materials provided.
Properties and Uses of Key Construction Materials
1. Cement
Properties: Cement is a binding agent with critical qualities such as:
Strong adhesion
Durability
Ability to harden when mixed with water
Uses: Primarily used in construction as a binding agent for:
Concrete
Mortar
It forms a fundamental component in various structural applications.
2. Stone
Properties: Good building stones possess:
Strength and durability
Aesthetic appeal
Resistance to weathering and other environmental factors
Uses: Stones are versatile in applications such as:
Foundations
Decorative features
Paving and retaining walls.
3. Bricks
Properties: Quality bricks exhibit:
High compressive strength
Uniform shape and size
Responsiveness to weather conditions and insulation
Uses: Widely used in:
Wall construction
Paving
Structural support in various architectural designs.
Principles of Building Planning
Aspect: Positioning of windows and doors for natural light and ventilation.
Prospect: Utilizing favorable external views while blocking unpleasant ones.
Orientation: Room placement relative to north to optimize energy and comfort.
Privacy: Measures to ensure external and internal privacy within the building layout.
Circulation: Importance of efficient movement within and around the building through horizontal and vertical pathways.
Grouping: Proximity of rooms with similar functions for operational efficiency.
Roominess: Perception of space influenced by room shapes and sizes.
Furniture Requirement: Incorporating furniture needs for enhancing interior functionality.
Sanitation: Ensuring proper lighting, ventilation, and drainage.
Elegance: Aesthetic principles to enhance external and internal appearances.
Economy: Emphasizing cost-effective design and construction practices.
Access: Focus on ease of navigation within buildings and public spaces.
Architectural Composition: Considerations that combine functionality with aesthetic value.
Climate Effect: How local climate influences building design and materials.
Explanation of Three Principles
Aspect:
Aspect refers to how windows and doors are placed in order to capture natural light and ventilation. Proper aspect improves building comfort and energy efficiency.
Sketch: (You would ideally include a drawing showing window placements for maximum light).
Orientation:
Orientation is critical for optimizing energy efficiency. It involves the arrangement of rooms and windows in relation to the cardinal directions to enhance comfort and reduce heating and cooling costs.
Sketch: (A diagram can illustrate how different orientations affect sunlight and temperature).
Privacy:
Privacy in building planning ensures that spaces within the building are shielded from external views and that internal layouts prevent unwanted visibility.
Sketch: (An illustration showing room arrangements promoting privacy could be included).