Sectional Lower Extrem pt 1

Surgical Terminology and Anatomy

  • Surgical Sutures

    • Function: Attaching or gluing tissues together during surgery.

  • Patellofexy

    • Definition: Surgical fixation of the patella (kneecap).

  • Ptosis

    • Definition: Prolapse or dropping of an organ from its normal location.

    • Example: Hysterotosis refers to the prolapse of the uterus.

    • Additional Note: Discussed ptosis relates to body parts, such as the spleen, where it may be referred to as a “wandering spleen.”

  • Pubofemoral

    • Definition: Pertaining to the pubis (pubic bone) and femur (thigh bone).

  • Tarso

    • Definition: Related to the ankle bones (the tarsal area).

    • Example: The term “tarso metatarsal” refers to the area concerning both the ankle and the metatarsals.

  • Tibio

    • Definition: Pertaining to the tibia (shin bone).

    • Description:

    • Tibia is the larger, medial bone of the lower leg, while the fibula is more lateral.

    • Example: Tibiofibular refers to both the tibia and fibula.

Bone Anatomy in Pediatric Imaging

  • Imaging Technique

    • Importance of showing femur, tibia, and fibula bones in each leg during imaging of infants.

    • Not a focus for adult imaging of hips.

    • Notably important for infants born in a breech position, leading to potential hip development issues.

  • Acetabulum

    • Definition: The cup-like cavity where the femoral head fits into the hip joint.

    • Formed by three bones:

    • Ilium

    • Ischium

    • Pubis

    • Observation of ossification and structures at the acetabulum is essential for joint health.

  • Ischial Tuberosity

    • Notable for its discomfort when sitting.

    • Important anatomical landmark.

  • Femur

    • Description: Longest, heaviest, and strongest bone in the body, fitting into the acetabulum at the hip joint.

    • Hip Replacement: Femoral head replaced with a metallic component, showcasing the importance of femur in mobility.

Knee Joint Anatomy

  • Knee Components

    • Composed of:

    • Distal femur

    • Tibia

    • Fibula

    • Patella (triangular bone anterior to femur)

  • Popliteal Fossa

    • Definition: Area behind the knee, known as the popliteal space.

    • Function: Site for scanning blood vessels and identifying conditions like Baker's cyst from inflammation or fluid accumulation in the knee joint.

Lower Leg Anatomical Structures

  • Tibia and Fibula

    • Tibia: Larger, medial bone often referred to as the shin bone.

    • Fibula: Thinner, lateral bone next to the tibia.

    • Connection via Interosseous Membrane: Tissue that holds the two bones together and serves as a landmark for imaging, particularly concerning the anterior tibial artery and veins.

  • Gastrocnemius Muscle (Gastroc)

    • Description: Muscle in the upper calf, contributing to the bulk of calf appearance.

    • Importance: Prone to blood clots, often in the triangular area of the muscle.

  • Soleus Muscle

    • Located beneath the gastrocnemius, also involved in blood flow problems, related to soleal sinus where blood can coagulate if movement is limited.

Arterial Circulatory System of the Lower Extremities

  • Abdominal Aorta

    • Terminates into common iliac arteries.

    • Branches into internal (hypogastric) and external iliac arteries.

  • Common Femoral Artery

    • Location: At the groin, branching into deep femoral artery (profunda) and superficial femoral artery.

  • Popliteal Artery

    • Result from the superficial femoral artery behind the knee.

    • Branches into:

    • Anterior Tibial Artery

    • Tibioperoneal Trunk

  • Anterior Tibial Artery

    • Supplies blood to the front of the shin, continuing down to become the dorsalis pedis artery at the top of the foot.

  • Posterior Tibial and Peroneal Arteries

    • Both branches from the tibioperoneal trunk.

    • Posterior tibial artery supplies blood to the medial side of the lower leg and sole of the foot.

    • Peroneal artery supplies more lateral areas of the calf and heel.

Foot Blood Supply

  • Dorsalis Pedis Artery

    • Derived from the anterior tibial artery, supplies blood to the foot and toes.

  • Plantar Arch

    • Comprised of branches from dorsalis pedis and posterior tibial arteries.

    • Function: Safeguards blood supply to foot even if one source is compromised, ensures circulation continuity.

  • Digital Arteries

    • Smallest branches coming off the plantar arch, supply blood to the individual toes.

  • Clinical Relevance

    • Imaging of the vascular system focuses on major arteries and their branches, pivotal for detecting vascular diseases or injuries.

  • Overall Summary

    • The anatomy covered includes the extensive lower extremity arterial structure, particularly in relation to surgical and diagnostic imaging contexts.

    • Essential knowledge for understanding surgical approaches, vascular supply, and imaging techniques relevant to lower limb pathology.

Closing Remarks

  • Further discussion scheduled to cover veins in the subsequent class session.

  • Review anatomical terms and location references to prepare for advanced vascular anatomy comprehension.