Turkification

  • A process of cultural change designed to make all citizens of the Ottoman Empire feel a part of a common Turkish heritage and society.

Bolshevik

  • A group of revolutionary Russian Marxists who took control of Russia's government in November 1917.

Communists

  • Individuals who favor the equal distribution of wealth and the end of all forms of private property.

Young Turks

  • A coalition starting in the late 1870s comprised of various groups favoring modernist liberal reform of the Ottoman Empire.
    • Opposed the monarchy of the Ottoman Sultan and advocated for a constitutional government.
    • Successfully established a new constitutional era in 1908.

Mexican Revolution (1910-1920 CE)

  • A revolution fought over almost ten years from 1910, resulting in the ousting of Porfirio Diaz from power.
    • Led by opposition forces, including notable leaders Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata.

Sun Yat-Sen

  • Chinese nationalist revolutionary, founder and leader of the Guomindang until his death.
    • Attempted to create a liberal democratic political movement in China but faced opposition from military leaders.

Porfirio Diaz

  • Dictator in Mexico from 1876 to 1911, overthrown during the Mexican Revolution of 1910.

Francisco Madero

  • An early leader in the Mexican Revolution; became president of Mexico in 1911.
    • Advocated for land ownership and free, honest elections.
    • Assassinated two years later, leading to power struggles.

Pancho Villa

  • A popular leader during the Mexican Revolution.
    • An outlaw in youth, formed a cavalry army in northern Mexico to fight for the rights of the landless, collaborating with Emiliano Zapata.

Emiliano Zapata

  • A revolutionary leader of peasants in the Mexican Revolution.
    • Mobilized landless peasants in south-central Mexico to seize and divide the lands from wealthy landowners.
    • Achieved some successes but was ultimately defeated and assassinated.

The Great War

  • The name originally given to the First World War, which lasted from 1914 to 1918.

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

  • Heir to the Austria-Hungarian throne, assassinated in Sarajevo; his assassination triggered the start of World War I.

Triple Entente

  • A military alliance between Great Britain, France, and Russia in the years leading up to World War I.

Triple Alliance

  • An alliance formed between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy in the years preceding World War I.

Black Hand

  • Serbian nationalist/terrorist group responsible for the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand.

Militarism

  • A policy that glorifies military power, advocating for a standing army that is always prepared for war.

Self-determination

  • The concept that ethnic groups have the right to govern themselves.

Stalemate

  • A situation in which no progress can be made or advancement is possible.

Propaganda

  • The ideas spread to influence public opinion for or against a particular cause.

Reparations

  • Payments made for war damages.

Lusitania

  • A British passenger ship that was sunk by a German U-Boat on May 7, 1915.
    • Resulted in the deaths of 128 Americans, significantly swaying American public opinion against Germany and facilitating the U.S. entry into the war.

Zimmerman Note

  • A secret message from Germany to Mexico proposing a military alliance against the United States, helping to lead the U.S. toward war with Germany.

Total War

  • A conflict in which participating countries devote all their resources to the war effort.

ANZAC

  • Acronym for the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps.

Paris Peace Conference

  • A major gathering of world leaders excluding Germany and Russia, held in Versailles to negotiate post-war repercussions.
    • Notable leaders included Lloyd George (Britain), Woodrow Wilson (America), Clemenceau (France), and Italy.
    • The Treaty of Versailles was proposed but lacked agreement for signing, resulting in an unsuccessful conference.

Big Four

  • The most influential leaders at the Paris Peace Conference, consisting of Woodrow Wilson (USA), David Lloyd George (UK), George Clemenceau (France), and Vittorio Orlando (Italy).

Fourteen Points

  • A series of proposals put forth by U.S. President Woodrow Wilson outlining a plan for achieving lasting peace following World War I.

League of Nations

  • An international organization established in 1920 aimed at promoting cooperation and peace among nations.

Treaty of Versailles

  • The treaty that ended World War I.
    • It notably placed the blame for the war on Germany and its allies.

Weimar Republic

  • The German republic founded after World War I and the downfall of the German Empire's monarchy.

Trench Warfare

  • A form of warfare characterized by opposing armies fighting each other from trenches dug into the battlefield.

U-Boat (Submarines)

  • German military submarines that attacked British ships, notably sinking the Lusitania.

Inflation

  • A general and progressive increase in prices.

Collectivize

  • The process of bringing sectors under central government control.

Great Depression

  • An economic crisis that began with the stock market crash in 1929 and persisted throughout the 1930s.

New Deal

  • A series of reforms enacted by President Franklin Roosevelt from 1933 to 1942 aimed at ending the Great Depression.

Five-Year Plan

  • Stalin's economic policy to rebuild the Soviet economy post-World War I.
    • It focused on improving heavy industry and increasing agricultural output but ultimately led to famine.

Russian Civil War (1918-1920)

  • A conflict where the Red Army successfully defended the newly formed Bolshevik government against various Russian and interventionist anti-Bolshevik armies (including the Red vs. White Army).

Spanish Civil War

  • A rebellion that erupted in Spain in 1936 after a coalition of Republicans, Socialists, and Communists was elected.
    • General Francisco Franco led the rebellion, which devolved into a civil war.
    • The Soviet Union provided support to government forces, while Germany and Italy aided Franco.

Fascism

  • A political system led by a dictator characterized by extreme nationalism, racism, and intolerance of opposition.

Totalitarian State

  • A country where a single party controls the government and every aspect of citizens' lives.

Luftwaffe

  • The German Air Force.

USSR

  • The Russian federal system controlled by the Communist Party, established in 1923.

Soviet Union

  • A Communist nation that consisted of Russia and 14 other states, existing from 1922 to 1991.

Francisco Franco

  • Fascist leader of the Spanish revolution, aided by Hitler and Mussolini.

Gulag

  • A Russian prison camp intended for political prisoners.

Decolonization

  • The process leading to the collapse of colonial empires; between 1947 and 1962, nearly all former colonies in Asia and Africa gained independence.

Mandate System

  • Allocation of former German colonies and Ottoman possessions to victorious powers post-World War I, to be administered under League of Nations supervision.

Balfour Declaration

  • A British document promising land in Palestine as a homeland for Jews in exchange for their assistance during World War I.

Civil Disobedience

  • A form of political participation characterized by a conscious decision to break laws believed to be immoral and to accept the consequences.

Mohandas Gandhi

  • An Indian philosopher and spiritual leader who advocated for India's independence from British rule through passive resistance, civil disobedience, and boycotts.

Jawaharlal Nehru

  • Indian statesman and successor to Mohandas K. Gandhi as leader of the Indian National Congress.
    • Key figure in negotiating the end of British colonial rule in India and served as the first Prime Minister from 1947 to 1964.

Mao Zedong (1893-1976)

  • Leader of the Communist Party in China who overthrew Jiang Jieshi and the Nationalists, establishing the People's Republic of China, ruling from 1949 until his death in 1976.

Chiang Kai-Shek

  • General and leader of Nationalist China post-1925, who succeeded Sun Yat-sen as head of the Guomindang and aimed to eliminate the Communist movement led by Mao Zedong.

Pan-Arabism

  • A movement that sought to unite all Arab peoples into one nation-state.

Indian National Congress

  • The major political party in India that emerged as a leading organization during the independence movement.

Satyagraha Movement

  • This concept refers to Gandhi's philosophy of nonviolent resistance.

Salt March

  • A passive resistance campaign led by Mohandas Gandhi where Indians protested against the British tax on salt by marching to the sea to produce their own salt.

Chinese Communist Party

  • An authoritarian party that has governed China since 1949.

Long March

  • The 6,000-mile (9,600-kilometer) strategic retreat of Chinese Communists from southeastern to northwestern China, led by Mao Zedong while being pursued by the Chinese Army under Chiang Kai-shek's orders.

Palestine

  • A territory located in the Middle East along the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea; disputed with Israel.

Pakistan

  • A Muslim republic located in the heart of ancient South Asian civilization in the Indus River valley.

Neville Chamberlain

  • British Prime Minister known for advocating peace and a policy of appeasement prior to World War II.

Kristallnacht

  • Known as the Night of Broken Glass, on November 9, 1938, mobs destroyed Jewish properties and terrorized Jewish people throughout Germany.

Lebensraum

  • Hitler's expansionist policy aimed at acquiring