Criminology and Criminal Justice Summary

Modules Overview

Module I: Schools of Criminology and Factors of Crime Causation

• Criminology: Study of crime's nature, causes, and implications for criminal justice.

• Schools of Criminology:

  • Classical, Neo-Classical, Positive, Sociological, Cartographic, Psychological, Psycho-Analytical, Radical.

• Crime Causation Factors:

  • Hereditary, mental deficiency, environmental, social, economic influences (e.g., poverty, education).

Module II: Sentencing and Criminal Justice Administration

• Judicial Discretion: Judges determine appropriate sentences within legal limits.

• Sentencing Types: Indeterminate sentencing, probation, pardoning, and aftercare services.

• Rights of Prisoners: Prisons focused on rehabilitation and humane treatment.

Module III: Theories of Punishment

• Concept of Punishment: Justification as social control with various theories:

  • Deterrent Theory: Prevent future crimes through fear of punishment.

  • Retributive Theory: Punishment as moral response to wrongdoing.

  • Preventive Theory: Protect society from offenders.

  • Reformative Theory: Focus on rehabilitating the offender.

Module IV: Prison System and Administration

• Evolution of Prison System: Shift from punitive to rehabilitative models.

• Rights of Prisoners: Upholding basic human rights for those incarcerated.

• Role of Judiciary: Ensures proper treatment and reform within prisons.

Module V: Classification of Victims and Protection of Victim Rights

• Victimology: Study of victims' rights and experiences in the criminal justice system.

• Types of Victims: Primary (directly harmed), Secondary (affected indirectly), Tertiary (socially impacted).

• Legal Protections: Various laws ensure protection, compensation, and rights for victims.