Cellular Division

Central Idea: Cellular division is the process by which cells reproduce and create new cells.

Main Branches:

Mitosis
- Prophase
  - Chromatin condenses into chromosomes
  - Nuclear membrane breaks down
- Metaphase
  - Chromosomes line up at the center of the cell
  - Spindle fibers attach to chromosomes
- Anaphase
  - Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles
  - Spindle fibers shorten and pull chromatids apart
- Telophase
  - Chromosomes reach opposite poles
  - Nuclear membrane reforms around each set of chromosomes
- Cytokinesis
  - Cell membrane pinches in, dividing the cytoplasm
  - Two identical daughter cells are formed
Meiosis
- Meiosis I
  - Prophase I
    - Chromosomes condense and pair up
    - Crossing over occurs between homologous chromosomes
  - Metaphase I
    - Homologous pairs align at the center of the cell
    - Spindle fibers attach to chromosomes
  - Anaphase I
    - Homologous chromosomes separate and move to opposite poles
    - Sister chromatids remain attached
  - Telophase I
    - Chromosomes reach opposite poles
    - Nuclear membrane reforms around each set of chromosomes
  - Cytokinesis I
    - Cell divides into two daughter cells
- Meiosis II
  - Prophase II
    - Chromosomes condense again
    - Nuclear membrane breaks down
  - Metaphase II
    - Chromosomes line up at the center of the cell
    - Spindle fibers attach to chromosomes
  - Anaphase II
    - Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles
    - Spindle fibers shorten and pull chromatids apart
  - Telophase II
    - Chromosomes reach opposite poles
    - Nuclear membrane reforms around each set of chromosomes
  - Cytokinesis II
    - Cell membrane pinches in, dividing the cytoplasm
    - Four haploid daughter cells are formed
Binary Fission
- DNA replication
- Cell elongation
- Cell membrane and cell wall divide
- Two identical daughter cells are formed
Budding
- Small bud forms