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Part I: Multiple Choice / Early Civilization Concepts

  • Beginning of Civilization - Development of agriculture and permanent settlements

  • Civilization - A complex society with cities, government, and specialized jobs

  • Food-Producing Revolution - Another name for the Neolithic Revolution

  • Survival Before Agriculture - Hunting and gathering

  • Major Result of Agriculture - Food surpluses and population growth

  • Importance of Food Surpluses - Allowed some people to perform specialized jobs

  • Mesopotamian Rivers - Tigris and Euphrates

  • Meaning of Mesopotamia - Land between the rivers

  • Importance of Irrigation in Mesopotamia - Helped farmers control and direct water to crops

  • Mesopotamian City-State - An independent city and its surrounding territory

Part II: Mesopotamian Civilization

  • Earliest Mesopotamian Cities Creator - Sumerians

  • Sumerian Achievement - Cuneiform writing

  • Cuneiform - A Mesopotamian writing system

  • Ziggurat - A large Mesopotamian temple structure

  • Importance of the Akkadian Empire - One of the first large empires in history

  • Founder of the Akkadian Empire - Sargon of Akkad

  • Conquest - Taking control of territory through military force

  • Babylonian Ruler with Written Code - Hammurabi

  • Code of Hammurabi - A system of written laws

  • Mesopotamian Religion - Polytheistic

  • Polytheism - The belief in many gods

  • Influence of Mesopotamian Math System - 60 minutes in an hour

Part III: Ancient Egypt

  • Most Important River to Ancient Egypt - Nile River

  • Nile as "River of Life" - Provided water and fertile soil for Egyptian civilization

  • Predynastic Period - The period before Egypt was politically unified

  • "Age of the Pyramids" - Old Kingdom

  • Pharaoh - Egyptian ruler

  • First Intermediate Period - Period of political division and weaker central government

  • Middle Kingdom - Period best known for reunification and stability

  • New Kingdom - Period when Egypt became a major empire through military expansion

Part IV: The International Bronze Age

  • Composition of Bronze - Copper and tin

  • Bronze Age Trade Dependency - Copper and tin were not always available in the same locations

  • Hittite Empire - Centered in Anatolia with its capital at Hattusa

  • Hittite Rivals - Ancient Egypt

  • "Club of Great Powers" - Powerful Bronze Age kingdoms that interacted through diplomacy, trade, and warfare

  • Late Bronze Age International System - Used diplomatic letters and marriage alliances

Part V: Greece and the Bronze Age Collapse

  • Minoan Civilization Location - Island of Crete

  • Mycenaeans Location - Mainland Greece

  • Strategic Location of Troy - Near important trade routes between the Aegean and surrounding regions

  • Bronze Age Collapse - Decline or disappearance of many kingdoms and trade networks

  • Causes of Bronze Age Collapse - Warfare, political instability, climate problems, and disruption of trade

Part VI: Recovery and New Empires

  • Phoenicians - Known for maritime trade and the spread of alphabetic writing

  • The Levant - Connected Africa, Asia, and the Mediterranean world

  • Neo-Assyrian Empire - Known for powerful armies, military expansion, and controlling conquered peoples through provincial administration

  • Neo-Babylonian Empire - Became powerful after the decline of the Assyrian Empire

  • Nebuchadnezzar II - An important ruler of the Neo-Babylonian Empire

  • Satrapies - Provinces of the Persian Empire

Part VII: The Hebrews

  • Rulers of the United Monarchy of Israel - Saul, David, and Solomon

  • Two Major Hebrew Kingdoms - Israel and Judah