Definitions

• Respiration: Process of gas exchange.
• Circulation: Movement of blood through the heart and vessels.
• Excretion: Removal of waste from the body.

Key Terms:

• Antigen: Substance provoking an immune response.
• Antibody: Protein fighting pathogens.
• Artery: Large vessel carrying blood away from the heart.
• Vein: Smaller vessel with valves carrying blood toward the heart.
• Capillary: Smallest vessel for nutrient and waste exchange.
• Systolic BP: Blood pressure during heart contraction.
• Diastolic BP: Blood pressure during heart relaxation.
• Pulse: Surge of blood through arteries.
• Alveolus: Air sacs for gas diffusion in lungs.
• Trachea: Tube connecting pharynx to bronchi.

Blood Components:

• Plasma: Liquid part, transports soluble materials.
• Red Blood Cells (RBCs): Carry oxygen using hemoglobin.
• White Blood Cells: Destroy pathogens.
• Platelets: Initiate clotting.

Hemoglobin: Iron-containing pigment in RBCs; carries oxygen.

Kidney Functions:

1. Elimination of metabolic wastes.
2. Maintains blood pressure/volume.
3. Maintains blood pH.

Blood Types:

• Type B: Antigens B, anti-A antibodies.
• Universal Donor: Type O (no surface antigens).
• Universal Recipient: Type AB+ (no antibodies).

Inhalation/Exhalation:

• Inhalation: Rib muscles and diaphragm contract; volume increases, pressure decreases.
• Exhalation: Rib muscles and diaphragm relax; volume decreases, pressure increases.

Pacemaker: Group of cells in the heart regulating heart rate via electrical signals.

Pregnancy and Rh Factor: Rh- mother exposed to Rh+ baby's antigens can produce antibodies affecting future pregnancies.

Blood Circulation Order: Heart → Arteries → Arterioles → Capillaries → Venules → Veins.

Kidney Structures: Nephrons filter blood. Urine passes through kidney → ureters → bladder → urethra.

Heart Blood Flow:

1. Superior/Inferior vena cavae
2. Right atrium
3. Tricuspid valve
4. Right ventricle
5. Semilunar valve
6. Pulmonary arteries
7. Lungs
8. Pulmonary veins
9. Left atrium
10. Bicuspid valve
11. Left ventricle
12. Semilunar valve
13. Aorta

Respiration Types:

• Internal Respiration: Gas exchange in capillaries (O₂ to cells, CO₂ out).
• External Respiration: Gas exchange in alveoli (O₂ into blood, CO₂ out).