Unit 1-Standards 1 & 2 Colonial America Study Guide

Colonization by European powers was driven by three primary motivations, often categorized as Gold, God, and Glory:
- Gold: This referred to the acquisition of raw materials intended to bring money into the national economy.
- God: This involved the effort to spread catholisim, particularly amidst the ongoing Protestant Reformation.
- Glory: This was centered on the acquisition of land and the pursuit of national rivalry, first with Spain and later with France.

Roanoke (Va57):
- This was the first attempt at an English settlement in the New World.
- The attempt resulted in failure as the settlers mysteriously disappeared.
Jamestown:
- Established in $1607$ , Jamestown was the first permanent English settlement in the New World.
- It was located in Virginia and administered by Virginia's Gov.
Key Figures and Tribal Relations:
- Powatans Tribe: This native group initially traded with the English settlers. However, the settlers became greedy and raided food shores. Consequently, the native population stopped trading and began attacking the settlers, leading to a period known as the "Starving times" for the English.
- Captain John Smith: He served as the leader of Jamestown. Smith is credited with helping the colony survive through hard winters and making amends with the Powatans.

The House of Burgesses:
- This was the legislative body responsible for making laws in the colony.
- The structure of the government included a Governor and councilors.
- The assembly consisted of $20$ reps, with $2$ representatives selected from each town.
Shift to a Royal Colony:
- In $1622$ , a major attack by Native Americans occurred in Jamestown.
- As a direct result of this attack, Virginia lost its original charter and became a Royal Colony, falling under the direct control of the King.

Tobacco: This served as the primary cash crop for the colony's economy.
Headrights: This system encouraged people to migrate to the New World by offering land (Headrights) as an incentive.
Labor in $1619$ :
- In $1619$ , Africans were shipped to Virginia.
- Initially, these individuals were classified as "Christian Servants" rather than slaves.

Mercantilism:
- This economic policy is defined by exporting more than importing, or selling more than buying.
- The primary goal of mercantilism is to benefit the mother country economically.
Salutary Neglect:
- This was a policy where Great Britian allowed the colonies to trade with other countries.
- It is described as the mother country "playing dumb" or "turning a blind eye" to colonial trade violations.
Relationship Between Mercantilism and Salutary Neglect:
- While mercantilism is designed to enrich the mother country, salutary neglect eventually undermines this goal.
- By turning a blind eye to colonies trading with rivals, the mother country eventually loses potential revenue, contributing to being in debt from the French-Indian War.

The Navigation Acts were created in the mid $1600s$ .
This legislation was a ban that prohibited the colonies from trading with any nation other than the mother country.
The specific purpose of these acts was to ensure trade only occurred with Great Britian.

Trans-Atlantic Trade:
- This was a trade route designed to support the principles of mercantilism.
- The trade network involved Britian, the Caribbean, and New England.
Triangular Trade and the Middle Passage:
- Britian would transport enslaved Africans to the Caribbean.
- These individuals were then traded for sugar in New England.
- The Middle Passage: This specific leg of the trade route involved the transport of enslaved Africans across the Atlantic, forming a critical and brutal segment of the triangular trade system.