Study Notes on Colonialism and Imperialism

Imperialism: Extension of a nation's power over other lands, peaking in the late 19^{th} century.
Gunboat Diplomacy: Diplomacy backed by military force or threat.
Direct Rule: Colonial government removing local elites for officials from colonizing country.
Indirect Rule: Colonial government allowing local rulers to maintain authority.
Protectorate: Political unit relying on another government for protection.

Cecil Rhodes: British businessman and politician influential in South Africa (1853-1902).
Suez Canal: Completed in 1869, enabling European-Asian travel without circumnavigating Africa.
David Livingston: Scottish explorer who mapped Africa between 1841 and 1873.
Berlin Conference (1884-1885): Meeting of European powers to resolve imperial interests in Africa.
"Scramble for Africa": Rapid invasion and colonization of Africa (1881-1914) by Western powers.
Boers: Settlers in Southern Africa who fought the British in the Boer War (1899-1902).
White Man's Burden: Poem (1899) highlighting the perceived obligation of Westerners to 'civilize'.

Role of Capitalism: Drives expansion for new resources and profits to supply European industries.
Social Darwinism: Justified imperialism by deeming non-Western peoples inferior.
Racism: Dehumanized non-white races, making imperialism seem acceptable.
Religion: Motivated Europeans to spread Christianity as a means of 'modernizing' other societies.

Great Britain: Controlled Burma (1886) and Malaya; resources—timber, tin, rubber.
France: Formed the Union of Indochina in 1887; resources—rubber, tea, coffee.
Netherlands: Established the Dutch East Indies; resources—coffee, rubber, spices.
Germany: Controlled parts of New Guinea (1884); resources—tin.
United States: Annexed the Philippines in 1898 after the Spanish-American War; resources—timber, sugar, coffee.

Sepoy: Indian soldier for the British East India Company.
The Great Rebellion (Sepoy Mutiny): Occurred in 1857, resulting from Indian distrust of British rule.
Viceroy: Governor ruling in the place of a monarch (system implemented in 1858).
Indian National Congress (INC): Founded in 1885 to seek a share in the governing process.
Mohandas Gandhi: Lawyer who returned to India in 1915 to advocate for independence.
Rabindranath Tagore: Indian author and poet, Nobel laureate (1913).

Qing Dynasty: Declining dynasty ruling from 1644 to 1912.
Opium War (1839-1842): Conflict with Britain over trade, resulting in China's defeat and the Treaty of Nanjing.
Taiping Rebellion (1850-1864): One of the deadliest civil wars in history, caused by social and economic unrest.
Extraterritoriality: Foreigners exempt from local laws.
Boxer Rebellion (1899-1901): Anti-foreign uprising in China targeting missionaries and businessmen.
Open Door Policy (1899): Ensured equal trade access to China for all nations.

Completed in 1914, providing a shortcut between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, drastically boosting trade speeds.

Economic dominance following the Monroe Doctrine (1823) and political interventions in Mexico.

Cause: Social inequality and the long dictatorship of Porfirio Díaz (1876-1911).
Effect: Establishment of the 1917 Constitution, promoting labor rights.

Japan: Embraced Westernization after the arrival of Commodore Perry in 1853, becoming an imperial power.
China: Resisted change and faced internal conflicts, falling behind Western capabilities.

Lack of natural resources addressed through militarization and colonial expansion, notably the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905).