Unit 1 quiz

Ch. 1: First Contacts & Early America

• Asian migration to the Americas: Came across Bering Land Bridge (Beringia) ~15,000–30,000 years ago, following game.

• Inca: Advanced empire in Peru, road systems, terraces, conquered by Pizarro.

• Aztecs: Central Mexico, capital Tenochtitlán, human sacrifice, conquered by Cortés.

• Anasazi: Southwest cliff dwellers, irrigation farming.

• Algonquins: Eastern woodlands, hunters/farmers, alliances with French.

• Intertribal Indian relations before European contact: Trade, warfare, shifting alliances (not united).

• Cahokia: Large Mississippian mound city (near St. Louis); advanced trade center.

• Tenochtitlán: Aztec capital, bigger than most European cities at the time.

Ch. 2: Exploration & Colonization

• Columbus's voyages: 1492, searching for Asia, “discovered” Caribbean; began Spanish colonization.

• Factors driving exploration: God, gold, glory (spices, wealth, spread Christianity).

• Key factor in conquering Indians: Disease (smallpox), alliances, steel weapons.

• Isabel de Olvera: Free Black and Indigenous woman in New Spain who petitioned for legal protection before traveling — showed diverse roles in early colonies.

• Columbian Exchange: Transfer of goods/ideas/people between Old & New Worlds.

  • Benefits: New foods (corn, potatoes) → European population boom.

  • Most important crop to Europe: Potato.

• Spaniards in Florida & SW: Missions, St. Augustine (1565, oldest European settlement), clash with Natives.

• Mexica Empire: Another name for Aztecs.

• Defeat of Spanish Armada (1588): England rises as naval power, clears path for English colonization.

Ch. 3: English Colonies Take Root

• Jamestown (1607): First permanent English colony.

  • Founded for profit (Virginia Company).

  • Poor Indian relations (Powhatan Confederacy).

  • Became royal colony in 1624 after high death rates and mismanagement.

• Mayflower Compact (1620): Self-government agreement by Pilgrims in Massachusetts.

• Founding of colonies:

  • Roanoke: “Lost Colony” (1580s).

  • Massachusetts: Puritan refuge.

  • Maryland: Catholic safe haven (Lord Baltimore).

  • Rhode Island: Founded by Roger Williams, religious freedom.

  • Pennsylvania: Quaker colony, religious tolerance.

  • Georgia: Buffer colony, debtors.

  • New Netherland: Dutch colony, later NY.

• Divine right: Kings ruled by God’s will.

• Scots-Irish: Immigrants to frontier, independent farmers.

• Key figures:

  • Metacom (King Philip): Led war against NE colonists (1675–1676).

  • Nathaniel Bacon: Led Bacon’s Rebellion (1676, Virginia).

  • Anne Hutchinson: Challenged Puritan authority in Mass.

  • Pocahontas: Powhatan woman, married John Rolfe.

  • Powhatan: Leader of Virginia tribe, father of Pocahontas.

  • Eliza Pinckney: Developed indigo as a cash crop.

  • Samuel Adams: Revolutionary leader, Sons of Liberty.

• Puritans: Wanted to purify Church of England, strict religious communities.

• English Civil War (1640s): Parliament vs. King Charles I.

• Glorious Revolution (1688): Overthrew James II, constitutional monarchy in England.

• Headright system: Land given to colonists for bringing indentured servants.

• Franklin on colonial population growth: Cheap land + early marriages = high birth rates.

• Cash crop VA/MD: Tobacco.

• New England: Puritans, exports = fish, lumber, ships. Religion = strict, tied to gov.

• Most diverse colony: Pennsylvania (religion, ethnicity).

• Standing of women: Limited, more freedom in Quaker areas than Puritan ones.

• Triangular trade: Slaves → Americas, sugar/tobacco → Europe, goods → Africa.

• Colonial slavery:

  • Largest slave population = New York City.

  • Stono Rebellion (1739): Slave uprising in South Carolina.

  • Slave codes: Harsh restrictions to prevent uprisings.

• Population of colonial cities: Small compared to Europe, port-focused.

• Education system: New England emphasized literacy for Bible reading.

Ch. 4: Road to Revolution

• French in North America: Focused on fur trade, alliances with Natives.

• Salutary neglect: Britain loosely enforced laws, allowed colonial autonomy.

• Dominion of New England: James II tried to unify colonies, unpopular.

• Voting rights: Usually white male landowners.

• Key figures:

  • George Whitefield: Great Awakening preacher.

  • Jonathan Edwards: “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God.”

  • George Grenville: British PM, enforced taxes like Stamp Act.

• Albany Plan of Union (1754): Franklin’s “Join, or Die” — failed colonial unity.

• French & Indian War: Opened at Fort Duquesne; Britain wins, France loses Canada.

• Regulators: NC/SC backcountry farmers protesting corruption.

• Boston Massacre (1770): British soldiers kill 5 colonists → propaganda.

• Proclamation Act (1763): No settlement west of Appalachians.

• Pontiac’s Rebellion (1763): Native uprising against British forts.

• Tea Act (1773): Gave British East India Co. monopoly → Boston Tea Party.

• Sons of Liberty: Radical patriots, organized protests.

• Daughters of Liberty: Boycotted British goods, made homespun.

• Stamp Act (1765): Tax on paper goods, sparked protests.

• Declaratory Act (1766): Parliament claimed authority over colonies.

• Coercive Acts (1774): “Intolerable Acts,” punished Boston for Tea Party.

• Quartering Act: Required colonists to house British soldiers.

• Townshend Acts: Taxes on imports (glass, paint, tea).

• British mission to Concord (1775): Goal = seize colonial weapons → “shot heard ’round the world.”

• John Locke’s contract theory: Gov. protects natural rights; people can rebel if it fails.

• Common Sense (1776): Thomas Paine, argued for independence.

• Declaration of Independence (1776): Written by Jefferson, inspired by Locke.

• Battle of Bunker Hill (1775): First major battle; showed colonists could stand up to Britain.

• Articles of Confederation (1781): The first constitution; established a weak national government and later revealed flaws that prompted the Constitutional Convention.