5G and Smart Cities

Writing Assignment: Essay on Technology and Society

• First draft: Approximately 1750 words (excluding references), due May 2, uploaded via BruinLearn.
  • Must include correct citations and a complete list of references.
• Final version: 2500 words or more (excluding references), due May 23, uploaded via BruinLearn.
• ChatGPT and all other AI tools are strictly forbidden.

Final Exam

• Saturday, June 7, 08:00 to 11:00, in CS 24.
• CAE: Contact TA or Professor Browne for extra time.
• One sheet of paper (both sides) with notes allowed – from lectures, PowerPoint slides, and assigned articles.
• Dual language dictionary permitted if English is not your first language.
• Seven short-answer questions; answer six (skip one).
• Minimum 300 words per answer.
• Handwrite or handprint answers in Bluebooks; no computers or mobile phones.
• Backpacks/purses allowed in the exam room.
• Three hours to complete the exam; budget 30 minutes per question.
• Evaluation based on argument strength, addressing counterarguments, and overall structure.

New EU Legislation

• AI Act: risk-based approach
• Digital Services Act
  • Transparency obligations regarding algorithms.
  • Targeted advertising regulations.
• Digital Markets Act
  • Prevents "gatekeepers" from abusing market power.

5G Spectrum

• Existing Mobile Spectrum
  • Coverage & Capacity
    • Below 1 GHz
    • 1-6 GHz
      • TV
      • WiFi
      • Existing Mobile
• New Mobile Spectrum
  • Capacity
    • 30 GHz mmWave band
    • 100 GHz
      • WiFi
      • Fixed links and Satellite
• Macro cells
• Macro and small cells
• Small cells

The Landscape of 5G

• 5G differentiators include:
  • 10x decrease in latency: as low as 1 ms.
  • 10x connection density: more efficient signaling for IoT.
  • 10x experienced throughput: multi-Gbps peak rates.
  • 3x spectrum efficiency: more bits per Hz with advanced antenna techniques.
  • 100x traffic capacity: network hyper-densification with more small cells.
  • 100x network efficiency: optimized energy consumption.

5G Performance Requirements

• Latency: 1 millisecond
• Battery life: 10 years for M2M (machine-to-machine) applications
• Cost: Ultra-low for M2M
• Energy consumption: Flat energy
• Data rates:
  • Peak data rates: 1-10 Gbit/s
  • User data rates: 100 Mbit/s
• Traffic: 10000x more traffic
• Devices: 10-100x more devices
• Coverage: 100% wherever needed
• Reliability: Ultra-reliability

5G Evolution

• 2G (-1991-): SMS
• 3G (-1998-): SMS, Internet (0.1-8 MB/Second)
• 4G (-2008-): SMS, Internet, HD, 3D Video (15 MB/Second)
• 5G (-2020-): Internet of Things, ultra Video (1-10 GB/Second)

What is 5G?

• Faster access (Mbps -> Gbps)
• More capacity (1000 X ?)
• Virtualized Network Functions
• More software-based/upgradable
• Supports a wide range of applications
• Ubiquitous/ immersive connectivity

Download Time Comparison

• Two-hour film download:
  • 3G (384 Kbps, 2001): 26 Hours
  • 4G (100 Mbps, 2003): 6 Minutes
  • 5G (10 Gbps, 2020): 3.6 Seconds

5G Benefits

• Faster Internet everywhere
• Virtual Reality & Augmented Reality
• Smarter Cities
• Better Healthcare

5G: From Device to Data Center

• Expected 50 billion smart devices by 2020.
• 5G supports IoT growth, enabling seamless device communication.
• Diffuses intelligence across the network, from device to data center.
• Enables new capabilities like self-driving cars, improved city infrastructures, intelligent machines/sensors, and augmented reality via fast wireless connection to cloud computing.
• Even tiny devices can access substantial computing power through 5G.
• Applications can be hosted in mobile edge computing nodes (cloudlets).
• Requires flexible and scalable design, using various radio access technologies (cellular, Wi-Fi, centimeter/millimeter waves).

Enhanced Mobile Broadband

• Gigabytes per second
• 3D video, UHD screens
• Work and play in the cloud
• Augmented reality

Massive Machine Type Communications

• Industry automation

Ultra-reliable and Low Latency Communications

• Self-driving cars
• Mission-critical applications (e.g., e-health)

Real-Time Communications

• Tactile Internet
• Lifeline Communications
• Highly-Reliable Communications
• Natural Disaster Situation
• E-Health

Broadband Access

• Everywhere: 50+ MBPS
• In Dense Areas
• Pervasive Videos
• Broadcast-Like Services
• Multimedia Services
• Higher User Mobility (High-Speed Train)
• Internet of Things (Sensor Networks)

5G for Smart Cities

• Connects more sensors and devices.
• Provides high-speed ubiquitous connectivity.
• Offers prioritization, greater reliability, and redundancy.
• Features ultra-low power consumption.

5G Applications

• Smart wearables
• eHealth
• Smart mobility
• Smart parking
• Traffic priority
• Domotics (Connected house)
• Security & Surveillance
• Smart Grids
• Water quality
• Utility management
• Entertainment
• Apps beyond imagination
• Smart Car
• Car-to-car communication

Smart Connections: Global Growth Rates for Smart City Spending (2017-2022)

• Officer wearables: 62%
• Vehicle to everything (V2X) connectivity: 49%
• Open data: 25%
• Smart trash collection: 23%
• Smart city platforms: 23%

Global IoT Transportation and Logistics Spending

• 2015: €10bn ($10.88)
• 2020: €40bn ($43.4B)
• Decrease in passenger waiting time:
  • $10\%$
  • $30\%$

5G Benefits for Smart Cities

• Energy and Utilities: $160 billion in benefits and savings in energy, water pipe leaks, and sewers
• Smart Grids:
  • Save power
  • Reduce pollution
  • Keep people safe
  • Economies of scale
  • Automated real-time grid switching
• Mobility and Transport:
  • Autonomous vehicles
  • Vehicle
  • Platooning
  • Road Safety
  • Smart Parking
    • On-vehicle communication
    • Security
    • Sustainability
• 20 Billion devices connected to mobile networks worldwide (2020)
• Smart Traffic
  • More connections unprecedented locations such as lamp posts and sewers (x100)
• Air Quality: Drones, Surveillance Cams, sensors
• Ultra-low power connections: Expand battery life of IoT devices by 10x
• VR/AV (x10)

How 5G Will Be Used?

• Higher Speed: 1 Gbps
• Massive Internet of Things (MIOT)
• Enhanced Mobile Broadband (EMBB)
• Mission Critical Services (MCS)
• Small Cells: Each Small Cell traffic of 20 Gbps
  • $1$ M cells/km$^2$
  • $150$ Mhz at $3.5$Ghz
• Low latency: <10 ms
• Low latency, more adaptive response times that support time-sensitive applications, such as autonomous vehicle communication.
• 5G capacity increases with densification
• Cities play a critical role for Small Cell deployment in Mobile Network Densification.
• Tomorrow's wireless networks will require hundreds, or even thousands, of small cells densely deployed across cities.
• The full promise of Smart Cities and 5G requires a robust deployment of small cells

City as a Platform (CaaP)

• Private Sector
• City
• Approved
• Public Sector
• Secure Data Platform Sharing
• Innovation
• Partners
• Citizens

Digital Transformation - Smart Cities: The evolution of a Smart City

• EARLY STAGE
  • Definition of Smart City Strategy
  • Definition of city and citizens indicators
  • Priority in verticals to optimize
  • Adequate Regulatory framework
• VERTICAL
  • Incorporate IoT technology in vertical services
  • Search for efficiency
  • Information in vertical silos
• CONNECTED
  • Integrate information from different vertical services
  • Predictive and prescriptive models
  • Synergies through a common horizontal platform
• ENGINE OF GROWTH
  • Information available to the local business fabric
  • Enabler of open innovation ecosystem for developers and entrepreneurs
  • Transparency and Open Data

Smart City Platform

• Smart Connectivity
• Smart Devices
• Local Government as the owner of the data that the city generates
  SG

The driver for smart cities of the future

• Smart city projects are already straining with the current wireless network infrastructure.
• The promise of 5G, low latency, ultra-low energy connections, high speed, will be the foundation for large-scale IoT deployments in cities, which are set to revolutionize existing services and business models.
• 5G will drive $12.3 Trillion economic growth industry goods and services enabled by 5G (2020-2035).
  • $3.5 Trillion GDP
  • $22 Million Jobs$
  • $3.3 Trillion = INDIA'S GDP