Chapter 53 optic and optic drugs pharm

Key Terms

  • Cerumen: Ear wax.

  • Cycloplegia: Paralysis of the ciliary muscle, resulting in an inability to focus the eye.

  • Intraocular Pressure (IOP): Pressure within the eye.

  • Miosis: Constriction of the pupil of the eye.

  • Mydriasis: Dilation of the pupil.

  • Ophthalmic: Pertaining to the eye.

  • Otic: Pertaining to the ear, means auditory in Latin.

  • Otitis Media: Infection of the middle ear.

  • Punctal Occlusion: Procedure used when instilling eye drops to keep medication bathing eye and not immediately entering tear duct.

  • Superinfection: Overgrowth of bacterial or fungal microorganisms not affected by the antibiotic being administered.

Drug Classes

Otic Preparations

  • Divided into three categories:

    1. Antibiotics

    2. Corticosteroids

    3. Miscellaneous preparations (may contain gylcerin, acetic acid, benzocaine, etc.)

Ophthalmic Preparations

  • Used for various eye disorders, including glaucoma, macular degeneration, and infections.

Otic Preparations

Definition

  • Otic: Term indicates auditory - relating to the ear.

Disorders of the Ear

  • Ear disorders categorized as outer, middle, or inner ear issues.

  • Otitis Media: Most common middle ear disorder characterized by fluid accumulation, pain, and possible systemic infection symptoms.

Symptoms of Ear Disorders

  • Ear pain

  • Drainage from ear canal

  • Hearing loss

  • Fever, irritability, headache (if systemic)

Actions of Otic Preparations

  • Categories: Antibiotics, corticosteroids, miscellaneous (e.g., benzocaine, phenylephrine).

Uses

  • Treat infections and inflammation

  • Relieve pain

  • Aid in the removal of cerumen (ear wax)

Adverse Reactions

  • Local reactions: Ear irritation, itching, burning.

  • Superinfection: Prolonged antibiotic use may lead to overgrowth of unsuited microorganisms.

Contraindications

  • Known hypersensitivity to drugs.

  • Caution during pregnancy/lactation.

  • Not to be used in case of ear drainage or perforated eardrums.

Nursing Process for Otic Preparations

Assessment

  • Preadministration: Exam outer structures, check for drainage and wax, assess pain, tinnitus, changes in hearing.

  • Ongoing Assessment: Monitor client response to therapy; check for decreased pain or inflammation.

Nursing Diagnoses

  • Risk of infection related to superinfection.

  • Anxiety related to pain, hearing changes, or diagnosis.

Planning & Implementation

  • Promote understanding of therapy and management of adverse reactions. Educate clients on instillation methods and potential side effects.

Ophthalmic Preparations

Definition

  • Ophthalmic refers to eye disorders treated with preparations affecting intraocular pressure (IOP), infections, and allergies.

Glaucoma

  • Increased intraocular pressure resulting in optic nerve damage.

  • Two main types: Open-angle and angle-closure glaucoma.

Actions and Uses of Ophthalmic Preparations

  • Agents: Prostaglandin agonists lower IOP by increasing aqueous humor outflow.

  • Beta-Adrenergic Blockers: Reduce production of aqueous humor.

  • Antibiotics, NSAIDs, and Corticosteroids: Treat various ocular conditions.

Adverse Reactions

  • Common local reactions: Burning, stinging, blurred vision.

  • Systemic reactions: Headache, nausea, drowsiness.

Contraindications

  • Hypersensitivity to drugs, especially in specific populations (contact lens wearers, pregnant women, etc.).

Nursing Process for Ophthalmic Preparations

Assessment

  • Preadministration: Eye examination, Snellen test, check for irritation/redness.

Nursing Diagnoses

  • Injury risk from vision blurriness.

  • Acute pain related to eye disorder.

Planning & Implementation

  • Provide client training on administration techniques; monitor responses to therapy.