International Politcs Final

Here’s a study flashcard set based on the terms you provided:

Flashcard 1: Definition of Terrorism

Front: What is the definition of terrorism?
Back: Terrorism refers to the unlawful use of violence or threat of violence, especially against civilians, to achieve political, religious, or ideological goals.

Flashcard 2: Transnational vs. Domestic-based Terrorism

Front: What is the difference between transnational and domestic-based terrorism?
Back:

  • Transnational Terrorism: Terrorism that crosses national borders, involving groups or individuals targeting foreign countries.

  • Domestic-based Terrorism: Terrorism that occurs within a single country, where the actors target their own government or population.

Flashcard 3: Strategic Rationales for Terrorism

Front: What are the strategic rationales for terrorism?
Back:

  • Coercion: To force a government or group to change its policies.

  • Provocation: To provoke overreaction from the target that can rally support.

  • Outbidding: To demonstrate commitment to a cause by competing with other groups.

  • Spoiling: To undermine peace processes and sabotage negotiations.

Flashcard 4: Obstacles to Cooperation in Global Issues

Front: What are the obstacles to cooperation in global issues?
Back:

  • Coordination Problems: Difficulty in aligning actions among multiple actors.

  • Fears of Cheating: Concern that others will not honor agreements.

  • Relative Gains Concerns: Worry that others benefit more from cooperation than you.

  • Collective Action Problems: Difficulty in coordinating efforts to solve global challenges.

Flashcard 5: Comparative Advantage

Front: What is the concept of comparative advantage?
Back: Comparative advantage refers to the ability of a country or entity to produce a good or service at a lower opportunity cost than others, making trade mutually beneficial.

Flashcard 6: Barriers to Trade/Protectionist Measures

Front: What are the different barriers to trade?
Back:

  • Tariffs: Taxes on imported goods.

  • Non-Tariff Barriers: Includes subsidies, quotas, and other restrictions on trade.

Flashcard 7: Bretton Woods Conference

Front: What was the Bretton Woods Conference?
Back: The 1944 conference in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, established key institutions like the IMF and World Bank to regulate global economic policies and promote reconstruction after World War II.

Flashcard 8: GATT and WTO

Front: What is the difference between GATT and WTO?
Back:

  • GATT: General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (1947) aimed to reduce trade barriers.

  • WTO: World Trade Organization (1995) succeeded GATT and provides a framework for negotiating and enforcing trade agreements.

Flashcard 9: Guiding Principles of GATT/WTO

Front: What are the guiding principles of the GATT/WTO?
Back:

  • Liberalization: Reduction of trade barriers.

  • Nondiscrimination: Equal treatment for all trading partners.

  • Reciprocity: Mutual concessions in trade negotiations.

Flashcard 10: Most Favored Nation (MFN) Status

Front: What does Most Favored Nation (MFN) status mean?
Back: MFN status requires a country to grant other countries the same trade advantages it offers to any other country.

Flashcard 11: Exchange Rate

Front: What is an exchange rate?
Back: The value of one country's currency in terms of another currency.

Flashcard 12: Currency Devaluation

Front: What is currency devaluation?
Back: Currency devaluation occurs when a country intentionally lowers the value of its currency relative to others, often to boost exports.

Flashcard 13: IMF and World Bank

Front: What are the functions of the IMF and World Bank?
Back:

  • IMF: Provides financial assistance and advice to countries facing economic instability.

  • World Bank: Focuses on long-term economic development and poverty reduction through loans and grants.

Flashcard 14: Criticisms of the IMF and World Bank

Front: What are some criticisms of the IMF and World Bank?
Back:

  • Conditionality: Imposing stringent conditions on loans.

  • Lack of Transparency: Decision-making processes are not sufficiently open.

  • Moral Hazard: Encouraging irresponsible borrowing by guaranteeing loans.

  • Power Imbalance: Decisions influenced by a small number of powerful countries.

Flashcard 15: Differences Between International Law and Domestic Law

Front: How does international law differ from domestic law?
Back:

  • International Law: Rules and norms governing relations between states and international organizations.

  • Domestic Law: Laws that govern individuals within a specific country.

Flashcard 16: International Law vs. International Norms

Front: How are international law and international norms different?
Back:

  • International Law: Legally binding rules and agreements between states.

  • International Norms: Informal expectations and practices that guide state behavior but are not legally enforceable.

Flashcard 17: Two Main Sources of International Law

Front: What are the two main sources of international law?
Back:

  • Treaties: Formal agreements between states.

  • Customary International Law: Established practices accepted as legally binding.

Flashcard 18: Four Schools of Thought on Compliance with International Law

Front: What are the four schools of thought on compliance with international law?
Back:

  • Realists: Focus on enforcement through power.

  • Neoliberal Institutionalists: Emphasize management of cooperation.

  • Constructivists: Highlight the role of norms in shaping behavior.

  • Domestic Political Approaches: Focus on internal political dynamics influencing international compliance.

Flashcard 19: Human Rights – Negative vs. Positive Rights

Front: What is the difference between negative and positive rights?
Back:

  • Negative Rights: Rights that require others to abstain from interfering (e.g., freedom from torture).

  • Positive Rights: Rights that require action to provide (e.g., the right to education).

Flashcard 20: Universal Declaration of Human Rights

Front: What is the Universal Declaration of Human Rights?
Back: Adopted by the UN in 1948, it sets forth fundamental human rights to be protected universally.

Flashcard 21: Convention on Civil and Political Rights

Front: What is the Convention on Civil and Political Rights (1966)?
Back: A UN treaty that ensures the protection of civil and political rights, such as freedom of speech, fair trials, and freedom from torture.

Flashcard 22: Convention on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights

Front: What is the Convention on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights (1966)?
Back: A UN treaty that guarantees economic, social, and cultural rights, including the right to education and work.

Flashcard 23: Norm Entrepreneurs

Front: What is a norm entrepreneur?
Back: Individuals or groups who actively promote new norms and advocate for their acceptance by the international community.

Flashcard 24: Transnational Advocacy Networks (TANs)

Front: What are transnational advocacy networks (TANs)?
Back: Networks of activists and organizations that operate across borders to promote human rights, environmental protection, and other causes.

Flashcard 25: Boomerang Model

Front: What is the boomerang model in advocacy?
Back: A model where domestic groups facing repression seek international support, which in turn pressures their governments to change.

Flashcard 26: Humanitarian Intervention – For and Against

Front: What are the arguments for and against humanitarian intervention?
Back:

  • For: Protects human rights, prevents atrocities, and restores stability.

  • Against: Risks sovereignty violations, can lead to unintended consequences, and may be politically motivated.

Flashcard 27: Humanitarian Intervention in Somalia (1990s)

Front: What was the humanitarian intervention in Somalia in the 1990s?
Back: A UN-led military intervention aimed at alleviating famine and restoring order in Somalia amidst civil war.

Flashcard 28: Failure to Intervene in Rwanda (1994)

Front: Why was there a failure to intervene during the Rwandan genocide in 1994?
Back: International reluctance, political considerations, and a lack of awareness of the scale of the crisis contributed to the failure to prevent the genocide.

Flashcard 29: Responsibility to Protect (R2P)

Front: What is the Responsibility to Protect (R2P)?
Back: A global principle that states have a responsibility to protect their populations from genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing, and crimes against humanity, and the international community should intervene when they fail to do so.

Flashcard 30: Precautionary Principle and Prevention in Environmental Law

Front: What are the precautionary principle and the principle of prevention in environmental law?
Back:

  • Precautionary Principle: Taking preventive action in the face of uncertainty to avoid environmental harm.

  • Principle of Prevention: Prioritizing actions that prevent environmental damage before it occurs.

Flashcard 31: Collective Action Problems in Environmental Issues

Front: What is the collective action problem in environmental issues?
Back: The difficulty in coordinating global action to address environmental challenges due to differing national interests and the free-rider problem.

Flashcard 32: Tragedy of the Commons

Front: What is the tragedy of the commons?
Back: The overuse and depletion of shared resources due to individuals acting in their own self-interest rather than in the interest of the collective.

Flashcard 33: Common but Differentiated Responsibilities

Front: What does "common but differentiated responsibilities" mean in environmental law?
Back: It acknowledges that all states are responsible for addressing global environmental issues but that developed nations should take on greater responsibility due to their historical contributions to the problem.

Flashcard 34: UNFCCC

Front: What is the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)?
Back: An international treaty aimed at addressing climate change by stabilizing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere.

Flashcard 35: Kyoto Protocol

Front: What was the Kyoto Protocol?
Back: An international agreement (1997) that set binding emission reduction targets for developed countries to combat climate change.

Flashcard 36: Paris Climate Agreement

Front: What is the Paris Climate Agreement?
Back: A global accord (2015) to limit global warming to well below 2°C, with each country setting its own targets for reducing emissions.

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