Chapter 5-8 Notes

Chapter 5: The American Revolution (1763–1783)

1. Causes of the Revolution

• Proclamation of 1763: Restricted colonial expansion westward to prevent conflicts with Native Americans, angering settlers.

• Sugar Act & Stamp Act (1765): Imposed taxes on paper goods and imports. Colonists argued "no taxation without representation," claiming only colonial legislatures had the authority to tax them.

• Townshend Acts (1767): Taxes on goods like tea and glass. Colonists organized boycotts; the Sons and Daughters of Liberty emerged to resist British control.

• Boston Massacre (1770): British soldiers fired into a protesting crowd, killing five colonists, increasing tensions.

• Tea Act (1773) & Boston Tea Party: Gave the British East India Company a tea monopoly, leading to the dumping of tea into Boston Harbor.

• Intolerable Acts (1774): Punished Massachusetts by closing Boston’s port and curtailing local governance, spurring the colonies to unite.

2. Key Events Leading to Independence

• First Continental Congress (1774): Delegates from most colonies discussed responses to British policies.

• Lexington and Concord (1775): The first battles of the Revolutionary War, where British troops clashed with colonial militia.

• Common Sense by Thomas Paine (1776): Advocated for independence, using simple language to convince average colonists.

• Declaration of Independence (July 4, 1776): Written by Thomas Jefferson, drawing on John Locke’s ideas of natural rights. It listed grievances against King George III and declared America a free nation.

Chapter 6: Republican Motherhood and the Role of Women

1. Women’s Role in the Revolution

• Daughters of Liberty: Organized boycotts, made homespun cloth, and rejected British goods, supporting the revolutionary cause.

• Women in War: Some women followed their husbands to war, cooking, sewing, and even participating in combat (e.g., Molly Pitcher).

2. Republican Motherhood

• Ideology: Women were seen as vital to the republic because they were responsible for raising morally upright and educated children who would contribute to the new nation.

• Impact: Though women were not given political rights, Republican Motherhood elevated their social status, promoting female education and civic responsibility.

Chapter 7: The Articles of Confederation and the Constitution

1. Articles of Confederation

• Adopted in 1781: The first U.S. government system, prioritizing state sovereignty.

• Weaknesses: No power to tax, no executive branch, and no ability to regulate interstate commerce. This made the government ineffective at managing the economy and defense.

2. Shays’ Rebellion (1786–1787)

• Cause: Farmers in Massachusetts, led by Daniel Shays, revolted over high taxes, debt, and foreclosures.

• Effect: Exposed the inability of the government under the Articles to respond to internal unrest, leading to calls for a stronger central government.

3. Constitutional Convention (1787)

• Virginia Plan: Proposed a bicameral legislature with representation based on population.

• New Jersey Plan: Favored small states, proposing equal representation for all states in a unicameral legislature.

• Great Compromise: Established a bicameral Congress—House of Representatives (population-based) and Senate (equal representation).

4. Key Compromises

• Three-Fifths Compromise: Counted three out of every five slaves for both taxation and representation.

• Federalists vs. Anti-Federalists:

  • Federalists (e.g., Alexander Hamilton) supported the Constitution, emphasizing a strong national government.

  • Anti-Federalists (e.g., Patrick Henry) feared centralized power and demanded a Bill of Rights to protect individual liberties.

5. Bill of Rights (1791)

• The first 10 amendments, guaranteeing rights like freedom of speech, religion, and the right to a fair trial, were added to satisfy Anti-Federalist concerns.

Chapter 8: Securing the Republic

1. Challenges in the New Republic

• Economic Issues: The new government needed to establish financial stability, which was addressed through Hamilton’s financial plan (e.g., national bank, assumption of state debts).

• Federal vs. State Power: Debates emerged about the balance of power. Federalists favored a strong central government, while Democratic-Republicans (Jeffersonians) prioritized state sovereignty.

2. Emergence of Political Parties

• Federalists: Led by Hamilton, supported strong federal authority, close ties with Britain, and an industrial economy.

• Democratic-Republicans: Led by Jefferson, favored limited government, agriculture, and closer relations with France.

• Foreign Policy: The U.S. navigated tensions between Britain and France, trying to maintain neutrality.

FOCUS QUESTIONS 

What were the achievements and problems of the Confederation 

government? 

What major disagreements and compromises molded the final content 

of the Constitution? 

How did Anti-Federalist concerns raised during the ratification process 

lead to the creation of the Bill of Rights? 

How did the definition of citizenship in the new republic apply 

differently to different people? 

• As a new nation, it possessed many advantages, including 

physical isolation from the Old World (a significant asset between 1789 and 

1815, when European powers were almost constantly at war), a youthful 

population certain to grow much larger, and a broad distribution of property 

ownership and literacy among white citizens. 

The articles of confederation: the colonists 1^st government confederation – loose association of states 

• one house congress (Unicameral) with one vote per state  

• 1777 drafted, approved in 1781 

• No president  

• Changed from colonies to states 

• Tried to unite colonies  

• All they have was the legislative branch 

• No way to raise taxes 

• Major decisions required the approval of nine states rather than a simple majority 

• Only powers specifically granted to the national government from the confederation were those essential for the struggle for independence, declaring war, conducting foreign affairs, and making treaties with other governments  

The west: 

• Congress, settlers, and the west 

• Citing their original royal charters, which granted territory running all the way to the 

• “South Sea” (the Pacific Ocean), states such as Virginia, the Carolinas, and 

• Connecticut claimed immense tracts of western land. 

• Our new government secured lands north of the Ohio river and left some land in the south for the Cherokee, Choctaw, and Chickasaw. 

Regulating sale & Settlement: 

• The land ordinances 

• Ordinance of 1784 

• Ordinance of 1785 

• Northwest ordinance of 1787 

• Tomas Jefferson wrote the ordinance of 1784, establishes steps on how areas will be self government , divided into regions and districts. Did include prohibition for slavery for the whole west (no slavery) congress rejected this by one vote.  

• 1785 regulated the old northeast, sold in sections of $1 per acre of land. In each township one section would be set aside to provide funds for public education 

• 1787, a big one, set up the future establishment of 3-5 states north of the Ohio river, east of the Mississippi river. Enacted the basic principle of what Jefferson called the empire of liberty. The ordinance also prohibited slavery in the old northwest.  For years owners brought slaves into the area, claiming they had voluntarily signed long-term labor contracts  

Dangerous Neighbors: 

-most of the continent was claimed and occupied by other people 

-Spanish were eager for Native allies against the American threat. 

On page 444 

Problems with the articles of confederation: 

• Many Prominet Americans disagreed w/ the articles and thought it was weak. 

• State of economic crisis  

• States were printing money/ losing its value 

• Shay's rebellion: Shay was a small farmer; small farmers were losing their farms due to debt. Shay emphasized that he fought in the revolution, he leads rebellion against the government. The Massachusetts government stepped in to try to calm the rebellion down. People were afraid to have a strong central government. This rebellion showed leaders they needed a strong central government. They needed the strong central government to help with economic growth. 

Nationalism:  

 - Nationalist of the 1780’s 

• James Madison 

• Alexander Hamilton 

• Wanted a strong government  

• 1786 September  

Constitutional convention: 

• The structure of government  

• Constitutional convention 

• Virgina plan 

• New jersey plan 

• Virginia plan wanted representation based of population  

• New jersey plan wanted 1 house with one representative per state  

The new constitution's limits: 

 - The limits of democracy 

• The division and separation of powers (3 branches of government) 

Federalism is the division of power between the national and state governments  

Slavery: 

• The debate over slavery 

• Slavery in the constitution  

• Couldn't deal with slavery for 20 years 

• Slave states got to count 3/5 of the enslaved people as part of their population 

• Fugitive slave law: If you capture a slave, you must return it to their owner 

The constitution finalized: 

• The final document  

• Approved by delegates, then sent to the states for ratification(sign/approve) 

• National economic market, strong central government 

• Interstate commerce: trade between the states (National government) 

The ratification debate and literature: 

-the federalist  

-Madison wrote federalist papers (more people than just him)  

-the papers put out to convince people to ratify the bill of rights 

Opposition:  

• The anti-federalist  

• Opposed ratification 

• Bill of rights (list of everything the government can't do) 

1772 Somerset case 

1777 Articles of Confederation drafted 

1781 Articles of Confederation ratified 

1782 Letters from an American Farmer 

1783 Treaty of Paris 

1784–1785 Land Ordinances approved 

1785 Jefferson’s Notes on the State of Virginia 

1786–1787 Shays’s Rebellion 

1787 Constitutional Convention 

Northwest Ordinance of 1787 

1788 The Federalist 

Constitution ratified 

1790 Naturalization Act 

First national census 

1791 Little Turtle defeats Arthur St. Clair’s forces 

Bill of Rights ratified 

1794 Little Turtle defeated at Battle of Fallen Timbers 

1795 Treaty of Greenville 

1808 Congress prohibits the slave trade 

CHAPTER REVIEW 

REVIEW QUESTIONS 

1. How did the limited central government created by the Articles of 

Confederation reflect the issues behind the Revolution and fears for 

individual liberties? 

2. What were the ideas and motivations that pushed Americans to expand 

west? 

3. How did the United States pursue a policy of assimilation, and how did 

Native peoples respond? 

4. What events and ideas led to the belief in 1786 and 1787 that the 

Articles of Confederation were not working well? 

5. The Constitution has been described as a “bundle of compromises.” 

Which compromises were the most significant in shaping the direction 

of the new nation and why? 

6. What were the major arguments in support of the Constitution given by 

the Federalists? 

7. What were the major arguments against the Constitution put forth by 

the Anti-Federalists? 

8. How did the Constitution address the status of American slavery? 

9. How did the Constitution address the question of who is an American 

citizen? 

10. How did the idea of citizenship change in the first half of the 

nineteenth century? 

KEY TERMS 

Articles of Confederation (p. 252) 

Ordinance of 1784 (p. 254) 

Ordinance of 1785 (p. 254) 

Northwest Ordinance of 1787 (p. 256) 

empire of liberty (p. 256) 

Shays’s Rebellion (p. 259) 

Constitutional Convention (p. 260) 

Virginia Plan (p. 261) 

New Jersey Plan (p. 261) 

federalism (p. 263) 

division of powers (p. 263) 

checks and balances (p. 263) 

separation of powers (p. 263) 

three-fifths clause (p. 264) 

The Federalist (p. 267) 

Anti-Federalists (p. 269) 

Bill of Rights (p. 269) 

Treaty of Greenville (p. 280) 

annuity system (p. 280) 

gradual emancipation (p. 282) 

open immigration (p. 282) 

Notes on the State of Virginia (p. 283) 

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Glossary 

Articles of Confederation 

First frame of government for the United States; in effect from 1781 to 

1788, it provided for a weak central authority and was soon replaced 

by the Constitution. 

Ordinance of 1784 

A law drafted by Thomas Jefferson that regulated land ownership and 

defined the terms by which western land would be marketed and 

settled; it established stages of self-government for the West. First 

Congress would govern a territory; then the territory would be 

admitted to the Union as a full state. 

Ordinance of 1785 

A law that regulated land sales in the Old Northwest. The land 

surveyed was divided into 640-acre plots and sold at $1 per acre. 

Northwest Ordinance of 1787 

Law that created the Northwest Territory (area north of the Ohio River 

and west of Pennsylvania), established conditions for self-government 

and statehood, included a Bill of Rights, and permanently prohibited 

slavery. 

empire of liberty 

The idea, expressed by Jefferson, that the United States would expand 

liberty as it spread west across the continent. White Americans who 

moved west would eventually be able to apply for admission into the 

United States as full member states. 

Shays’s Rebellion 

Attempt by Massachusetts farmer Daniel Shays and 1,200 compatriots, 

seeking debt relief through issuance of paper currency and lower taxes, 

to prevent courts from seizing property from indebted farmers. 

Constitutional Convention 

Meeting in Philadelphia, May 25–September 17, 1787, of 

representatives from twelve colonies—excepting Rhode Island—to 

revise the existing Articles of Confederation; the convention soon 

resolved to produce an entirely new constitution. 

Virginia Plan 

Virginia’s delegation to the Constitutional Convention’s plan for a 

strong central government and a two-house legislature apportioned by 

population. 

New Jersey Plan 

New Jersey’s delegation to the Constitutional Convention’s plan for 

one legislative body with equal representation for each state. 

federalism 

A system of government in which power is divided between the central 

government and the states. 

division of powers 

The division of political power between the state and federal 

governments under the U.S. Constitution (also known as federalism). 

checks and balances 

A systematic balance to prevent any one branch of the national 

government from dominating the other two branches. 

separation of powers 

Feature of the U.S. Constitution, sometimes called “checks and 

balances,” in which power is divided between executive, legislative, 

and judicial branches of the national government so that no one can 

dominate the other two and endanger citizens’ liberties. 

three-fifths clause 

A provision signed into the Constitution in 1787 that three-fifths of the 

enslaved population would be counted in determining each state’s 

representation in the House of Representatives and its electoral votes 

for president. 

Federalist, The 

Collection of eighty-five essays that appeared in the New York press in 

1787–1788 in support of the Constitution; written by Alexander 

Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay and published under the 

pseudonym “Publius.” 

Anti-Federalists 

Opponents of the Constitution who saw it as a limitation on individual 

and states’ rights; their demands led to the addition of a Bill of Rights 

to the document. 

Bill of Rights 

First ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution, adopted in 1791 to 

guarantee individual rights against infringement by the federal 

government. 

Treaty of Greenville 

A 1795 treaty under which representatives of twelve Native nations 

ceded most of Ohio and Indiana to the federal government. 

annuity system 

System of yearly payments to Native American nations by which the 

federal government justified and institutionalized its interference in 

Indian tribal affairs. 

gradual emancipation 

A series of acts passed in state legislatures in the North in the years 

following the Revolution that freed slaves after they reached a certain 

age, following lengthy “apprenticeships.” 

open immigration 

American immigration laws under which nearly all white people could 

immigrate to the United States and become naturalized citizens. 

Notes on the State of Virginia 

Thomas Jefferson’s 1785 book that claimed, among other things, that 

Black people were incapable of becoming citizens and living in 

harmony alongside white people due to the legacy of slavery and what 

Jefferson believed were the “real distinctions that nature has made” 

between races. 

Lecture Preview
• The Crisis Begins
• The Road to Revolution
• The Coming of Independence
• Securing Independence

The Crisis Begins
 Focus Question:
What were the roots and significance of
the Stamp Act controversy?

After the Seven Years’ War
• Consolidating the Empire
• Taxing the Colonies
• The Stamp Act crisis

Teapot Protesting the Stamp Act

Resistance Emerges
• Liberty and Resistance
• The Regulators

The Stamp Act Repealed

The Road to Revolution
 Focus Question:
What key events sharpened the divisions between
Britain and the colonists in the late 1760s and early
1770s?

A New Set of Taxes
• The Townshend Crisis
• Townshend Acts, 1767
• Daughters of Liberty

Escalation
• The Boston Massacre
• The Tea Act
• The Intolerable Acts

The Boston Massacre

An Attempt to Land a Bishop in America

The Coming of Independence
 Focus Question:
What key events marked the move toward
American independence?

The Continental Congress and Independence
• The Continental Congress
• The Continental Association

Liberty, War, and Independence
• The Sweets of Liberty
• The Outbreak of War
• Independence?

Paine’s Contribution
• Common Sense
• Paine’s impact

Common Sense

Independence Declared
• The Declaration of Independence
• Conception of American freedom

Global Events
• An Asylum for Mankind
• The Global Declaration of Independence

America as a Symbol of Liberty

Securing Independence
 Focus Question:
How did Native nations and European
empires side in the Revolutionary War,
and how were American forces able to
prevail?

Fighting for Independence
• The Balance of Power
• Britain’s military advantage
• America’s home turf advantage

The Yankee Doodle Intrenchments near Boston

Black Soldiers at War
• Blacks in the Revolution
• Opportunity for enslaved Blacks to secure
freedom
• Blacks fought on both sides

American Foot Soldiers

British Ships on the Hudson

The Early War
• The First Years of the War
• The Battle of Saratoga

Franklin’s Design of New Currency

The Revolutionary War in the North, 1775–1781

The War Globalized
• A Global War
• Native America and the Revolution

The Late War
• The War in the South
• Victory at Last

The Horse America Throwing His Master

The Revolutionary War in the South, 1775–1781

European and U.S. Claims in North America,
1783

Review
The Crisis Begins
Focus Question: What were the roots and significance of the Stamp Act controversy?
The Road to Revolution
Focus Question: What key events sharpened the divisions between Britain and the
colonists in the late 1760s and early 1770s?
The Coming of Independence
Focus Question: What key events marked the move toward American independence?
Securing Independence
Focus Question: How did Native nations and European empires side in the
Revolutionary War, and how were American forces able to prevail?

HISTORY 1301 READING STUDY GUIDE FOR GIVE ME LIBERTY 7TH EDITION

CHAPTER 1 OLD WORLDS AND NEW

What were the main factors fueling European exploration and conquest?

What happened when the peoples of the Americas came in contact with Europeans?

Terms:

Great League of Peace

conquistadores

Columbian Exchange

Mestizos

creoles

CHAPTER 2 EUROPEAN COLONIES AND NATIVE NATIONS 1600-1660

Describe who chose to emigrate to North America from England in the seventeenth

century and explain their reasons.

In what ways did the economy, government, and household structure differ in New

England and the Chesapeake colonies?

How did the tobacco economies draw the Chesapeake colonies into the greater Atlantic

world?

Terms:

John Smith

Virginia Company

Enclosure movement

Headright system

Puritans

Pilgrims

Roanoke colony

Great Migration

Dissenters

Half-Way Covenant

Maryland Toleration Act

CHAPTER 3 CREATING ANGLO-AMERICA 1660-1750

How was slavery established in the Western Atlantic world?

How did Bacon’s Rebellion and the Salem Witch trials illustrate a wide-spread crisis in

British North America in the late seventeenth century?

How did the adoption of horses change life on the Great Plains?

If you traveled from New England to the South, how would you describe the diversity

that you saw between the different colonies?

TERMS:

King Philip's War

Mercantilism

Navigation Acts

Quakers (Society of Friends)

Staple crops

CHAPTER 4 SLAVERY, FREEDOM, AND THE STRUGGLE FOR EMPIRE TO 1763

How did Great Britain’s position in North America change relative to the other European

powers during the first three-quarters of the eighteenth century?

Describe the three distinct slave systems that developed in Britain's mainland colonies.

What were the main characteristics of each system?

TERMS:

Middle Passage

Yeoman farmers

Republicanism

Liberalism

Salutary neglect

Enlightenment

Deism

Great Awakening

Seven Years’ War

French and Indian War

Proclamation of 1763

Albany Plan of Union

CHAPTER 5 THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION 1763-1783

How did the actions of the British authorities help to unite the American colonists during

the 1760s and 1770s?

How did colonial women exercise economic and political power in the protests against

British taxation?

*Learn all the terms on the American Revolution worksheet with timeline assignment

Additional terms from the textbook:

“No taxation without representation”

Crispus Attucks

Intolerable Acts

Continental Congress

Battles of Lexington and Concord

Continental army

Common Sense

Declaration of Independence

Treaty of Paris

CHAPTER 6 THE REVOLUTION WITHIN

How did equality become a stronger component of American freedom after the

Revolution?

How did revolutionary America affect women’s roles and rights?

The Wealth of Nations

Suffrage

Loyalists

Abolition

Free Blacks

Coverture

Republican motherhood

CHAPTER 7 FOUNDING A NATION 1783-1791

TERMS

The Federalist

Separation of powers

Checks and balances

Three-fifths clause

CHAPTER 8 SECURING THE REPUBLIC, 1791-1815

Impressment

Federalists and Republicans

Whiskey Rebellion

XYZ affair

Alien and Sedition Acts

Marbury vs. Madison

Louisiana Purchase

Lewis and Clark Expedition

War of 1812

Lecture Preview

• America under the Confederation

• A New Constitution

• The Ratification Debate and the Origin of the

Bill of Rights

• “We the People”

America under the Confederation

 Focus Question:

What were the achievements and problems

of the Confederation government?

Confederation Government

• The Articles of Confederation

• First written constitution of the U.S.

• One-house Congress

• No president

The West

• Congress, Settlers, and the West

Regulating Sale and Settlement

• The Land Ordinances

• Ordinance of 1784

• Ordinance of 1785

• Northwest Ordinance of 1787

Western Ordinances, 1784 to 1787

European Claims and Selected Native Nations, 1780s-1790s

Native Responses to U.S. Land Claims

• Dangerous Neighbors

• Native nations in the South

• Native nations in the Ohio Valley

Problems with the Articles of Confederation

• The Confederation’s Weaknesses

• Shays’s Rebellion

A Bankruptcy Scene

Nationalism

• Nationalists of the 1780s

• James Madison

• Alexander Hamilton

James Madison

Alexander Hamilton

A New Constitution

 Focus Question:

What major compromises molded the final

content of the Constitution?

Constitutional Convention

• The Structure of Government

• Constitutional Convention

• Virginia Plan

• New Jersey Plan

The New Constitution’s Limits

• The Limits of Democracy

• The Division and Separation of Powers

George Washington

Slavery

• The Debate over Slavery

• Slavery in the Constitution

Slave Advertisement

The Constitution Finalized

• The Final Document

• Approved by delegates, then sent to states

for ratification

• National economic market, strong central

government

The Signing of the Constitution

The Ratification Debate and the Origin of the Bill of Rights

 Focus Question:

How did Anti-Federalist concerns raised

during the ratification process lead to the

creation of the Bill of Rights?

The Ratification Debate and Literature

• The Federalist

The Issues of Debate

Opposition

• The Anti-Federalists

• Opposed ratification

• Bill of Rights

Banner of the Society of Pewterers

Compromise for Ratification

• The Bill of Rights

• First ten amendments

• Defined the rights of citizens

• Religious freedom

Ratification of the Constitution

“We the People"

 Focus Question:

How did the definition of citizenship in the new

republic apply differently to different people?

Identity

• Who Belongs? The Constitution and American

Citizenship

• National Identity

Defining “We the People"

• Native Nations on the U.S. Border

• Treaty of Greenville

• Native Assimilation

• Native Nations in the West

Map of the Battle of Sierra Blanca

African Americans in the New Nation

• Black Americans and the Republic

• Gradual emancipation

• Open immigration

Population of the United States, 1790

Euphemia Toussaint

Jefferson’s Outlook on Race and Slavery

• Jefferson, Slavery, and Race

• Principles of Freedom

Review

America under the Confederation

Focus Question: What were the achievements and problems of the

Confederation government?

A New Constitution

Focus Question: What major compromises molded the final content of the

Constitution?

The Ratification Debate and the Origin of the Bill of Rights

Focus Question: How did Anti-Federalist concerns raised during the

ratification process lead to the creation of the Bill of Rights?

“We the People”

Focus Question: How did the definition of citizenship in the new republic

apply differently to different people?

New Orleans, 1803

Lecture Preview

• Politics in an Age of Passion

• The Adams Presidency

• Jefferson in Power

• The “Second War of Independence”

Politics in an Age of Passion

 Focus Question:

What issues made the politics of the 1790s so

divisive?

Financial Planning and Opposition

• Hamilton’s Program

• The Emergence of Opposition

• The Jefferson–Hamilton Bargain

Liberty and Washington

Revolution in France

• The Impact of the French Revolution

• Political division

• Impressment

• Jay’s Treaty

“The Two Great Republics”

Rebellion and Political Parties

• Political Parties

• The Whiskey Rebellion

Venerate the Plough

Embracing Popular Politics

• The Republican Party

• Madison and Jefferson

• Democratic self-government

• Critical of social and economic inequality

Early Republic Print Shop

The Growth of the Public Sphere

• An Expanding Public Sphere

• Democratic-Republican societies

Women and the New Nation

• The Rights of Women

Liberty Needlework

The Adams Presidency

 Focus Question:

How did competing views of freedom and

global events promote the political divisions

of the 1790s?

The Adams Presidency

• The Election of 1796

• The Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798

• The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

Politics in 1800

• The “Revolution of 1800”

• Jefferson wins presidency

• Twelfth Amendment

The Presidential Election of 1800

Revolution Abroad and Rebellion at Home

• Slavery and Politics

• The Haitian Revolution

• Gabriel’s Rebellion

Toussaint L’Ouverture

Jefferson in Power

 Focus Question:

What were the achievements and failures of

Jefferson’s presidency?

Jefferson Presidency

• Judicial Review

• Chief Justice John Marshall

• Marbury v. Madison

John Marshall

Louisiana

• The Louisiana Purchase

• Territory purchased from France

• Doubled size of the United States

• Agrarian character of the United States

The Louisiana Purchase

Venturing into New Territory

• Lewis and Clark

• Incorporating Louisiana

Map from Too Né

The United States and the Barbary States

• The Barbary Wars

• War fought to protect commerce

• Barbary states: northern coast of Africa

• Islamic world

Brewing War

• The Embargo

• Madison and Pressure for War

The “Second War of Independence"

 Focus Question:

What were the causes and significant results

of the War of 1812?

Indians in the Early Nineteenth Century

• Native Nations and Continued Freedom

• Tenskwatawa and Tecumseh

• Shawnee brothers

• Militant message

War Party at Fort Douglas

Tenskwatawa

War with Britain Once More

• The War of 1812

• Declared war after continued British

assaults on American shipping

• Britain invaded the United States

• Battle of New Orleans

• Treaty of Ghent

The Burning of Washington, D.C.

The War of 1812

Effects and Meaning of the War of 1812

• The War’s Aftermath

• The War of 1812 and the Canadian

Borderland

• The End of the Federalist Party

“We Owe Allegiance to No Crown”

Review

Politics in an Age of Passion

Focus Question: What issues made the politics of the 1790s so divisive?

The Adams Presidency

Focus Question: How did competing views of freedom and global events promote the

political divisions of the 1790s?

Jefferson in Power

Focus Question: What were the achievements and failures of Jefferson’s Presidency?

The “Second War of Independence"

Focus Question: What were the causes and significant results of the War of 1812?

Next Lecture Preview

Chapter 9: The Market Revolution, 1800–1840

• A New Economy

• The Rise of the West

• Market Society

• The Free Individual

• The Limits of Prosperity

Chapter 5: The American Revolution (1763–1783)

1. Causes of the Revolution

• Proclamation of 1763: Issued by King George III, this decree restricted colonial expansion westward beyond the Appalachian Mountains. The intention was to prevent conflicts with Native Americans, which frustrated many settlers eager for new land, leading to significant discontent.

• Sugar Act & Stamp Act (1765): The Sugar Act imposed taxes on sugar and molasses, while the Stamp Act required colonists to purchase special stamped paper for legal documents, newspapers, and other publications, significantly impacting daily life. Colonists protested with the slogan "no taxation without representation," asserting that only their own elected representatives had the right to tax them.

• Townshend Acts (1767): This series of laws imposed duties on various goods imported to the colonies, including tea, glass, and paint. The colonists organized boycotts and protests against British goods, leading to increased tensions and the formation of groups like the Sons and Daughters of Liberty to orchestrate resistance.

• Boston Massacre (1770): Tensions escalated when British soldiers fired into a crowd of colonists protesting against British policies, resulting in the deaths of five men. This incident intensified anti-British sentiments and was used as a rallying point for colonial unity.

• Tea Act (1773) & Boston Tea Party: The Tea Act granted the British East India Company a monopoly on tea sales in the colonies, undercutting local merchants. In protest, colonists disguised as Native Americans dumped 342 chests of tea into Boston Harbor, an act of defiance that prompted harsh reprisals from Britain.

• Intolerable Acts (1774): In response to the Boston Tea Party, Parliament passed these punitive measures, which closed Boston's port and restricted local governance in Massachusetts. This galvanized the colonies to unite against British oppression, leading to the establishment of the First Continental Congress.

2. Key Events Leading to Independence

• First Continental Congress (1774): Delegates from twelve of the thirteen colonies met in Philadelphia to discuss their grievances against British rule, leading to the formation of the Continental Association, which organized boycotts of British goods.

• Lexington and Concord (1775): Known as the "shot heard 'round the world," these battles marked the beginning of armed conflict between Britain and the colonies, as British troops aimed to seize colonial military supplies.

• Common Sense by Thomas Paine (1776): This pamphlet played a crucial role in persuading ordinary colonists to support independence, emphasizing the absurdity of monarchy and advocating for a democratic republic.

• Declaration of Independence (July 4, 1776): Drafted by Thomas Jefferson, this document outlined the colonies' grievances against King George III and articulated the philosophy of natural rights, inspired by Enlightenment thinkers like John Locke. It marked the formal declaration of the colonies as an independent nation.

Chapter 6: Republican Motherhood and the Role of Women

1. Women’s Role in the Revolution

• Daughters of Liberty: These women mobilized to support the boycott of British goods by producing homespun textiles and promoting local products, demonstrating their integral role in the protest movement.

• Women in War: Many women accompanied their husbands to war, serving as nurses, cooks, and even engaging in battle, exemplified by figures like Molly Pitcher, who took over her husband's cannon during a battle.

2. Republican Motherhood

• Ideology: This concept posited that women were crucial for nurturing the democratic ideals of the nation by raising virtuous and educated children equipped to participate in civic life.

• Impact: While politically disenfranchised, women saw an elevation in their social status, and education for women became more advocated, laying the groundwork for future movements toward gender equality.

Chapter 7: The Articles of Confederation and the Constitution

1. Articles of Confederation

• Adopted in 1781: It was the first constitution of the United States, emphasizing state sovereignty over centralized authority.

• Weaknesses: The lack of federal power to tax, regulate trade, and enforce laws rendered the government ineffectual, leading to economic challenges and inability to address interstate disputes.

2. Shays’ Rebellion (1786–1787)

• Cause: A revolt led by farmers in Massachusetts protesting heavy taxation and the loss of their farms to foreclosure, highlighting the weaknesses of the Articles.

• Effect: The uprising underscored the need for a stronger central government capable of maintaining order and addressing economic stability, prompting a push for constitutional reform.

3. Constitutional Convention (1787)

• Virginia Plan: Proposed by Madison, this plan called for a bicameral legislature with representation based on population, favoring larger states.

• New Jersey Plan: Suggested equal representation for each state in a unicameral legislature, favoring smaller states.

• Great Compromise: This agreement established a bicameral Congress, balancing the representation of populous states and smaller states with the House and Senate.

4. Key Compromises

• Three-Fifths Compromise: Determined that three-fifths of the enslaved population would be counted for both representation and taxation purposes, reflecting the contentious debate over slavery.

• Federalists vs. Anti-Federalists: Federalists, led by Hamilton, advocated for a strong national government, while Anti-Federalists, like Patrick Henry, feared centralized power and demanded a Bill of Rights to safeguard individual liberties.

5. Bill of Rights (1791)

• First ten amendments: These amendments were adopted to secure individual rights, such as freedom of speech, religion, and the right to a fair trial, addressing Anti-Federalist concerns and ensuring protections against government overreach.

Chapter 8: Securing the Republic

1. Challenges in the New Republic

• Economic Issues: The government faced the task of establishing financial stability through Hamilton’s financial plan, which included the creation of a national bank and the federal assumption of state debts incurred during the Revolutionary War.

• Federal vs. State Power: Tensions arose between Federalists, who supported a strong central government, and Democratic-Republicans, who emphasized the importance of state rights and liberties.

2. Emergence of Political Parties

• Federalists: Led by Hamilton, they championed a robust federal authority, favoring close ties with Britain and promoting an industrial economy.

• Democratic-Republicans: Led by Jefferson, they advocated for agrarianism, limited government intervention, and closer relations with France, reflecting the diverse socio-economic interests of the early republic.

3. Foreign Policy

• The U.S. navigated complex relations with European powers, particularly between Britain and France, aiming to maintain neutrality and protect its sovereignty amid global conflicts.