Pascal’s Principle - Any change in pressure applied at any point on a confined fluid is transferred undiminished throughout the fluid.

• When pressure is exerted to a CONFINED FLUID, it is EVENLY DISTRIBUTED and UNDIMINISHED.
• In a closed system, pressure is UNIFORM.

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Piston - a sliding piece moved by or moving against fluid pressure.

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Buoyant Force - An upward force which is the product of increasing pressure with increasing depth.

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Archimedes’ Principle - Expresses the relationship between buoyant force and the weight of the fluid displaced by an object.

• An object immersed in a fluid has an upward force on it that is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object.
• The force does not depend on the weight of the object, only on the weight of the displaced fluid.

Neutral (Case 1) - Partially submerged. The weight of the object is much greater than the buoyant force. There is no net force and the object will remain wherever it is placed in the water.

Sinking (Case 2) - Totally submerged. The weight of the object is much greater than the buoyant force. There is a net downward force, so the object will sink to the bottom of the tank.

Floating (Case 3) - Floating/afloat. The weight of the object is less than the buoyant force, so there is a net upward force, making the object rise. An object will float if its density is less than the density of the fluid with which it is placed.

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Bernoulli’s Principle - Expresses the relationship between the velocity and pressured exerted by a moving fluid. As the velocity of a fluid increases, the pressure exerted by that fluid decreases. This principle is a statement of work and energy conservation as applied to fluids.

Streamlines - The flow of fluids around the object. Objects require less energy to move through a smooth streamlined flow.

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