Test 3 Section 5

A. Nativists 

  • Advocated for anti-immigrant policies 

  • Fueled by fears of cultural change, job competition 

  • Influence on immigration legislation (e.g., Chinese Exclusion Act) 

  • Targeted Catholics, Jews, Eastern and Southern Europeans 

  • Contributed to rise of xenophobia and nativism in American society 

B. Progressives 

  • Advocated for social and political reform 

  • Focused on issues like corruption, urbanization, inequality 

  • Promoted regulation of big business, social welfare programs 

  • Led to reforms such as direct election of senators, women's suffrage 

  • Influence on 20th-century political and social landscape 

C. Democratic Party 

  • One of two major political parties in the U.S. 

  • Historically supported states' rights, limited government 

  • Evolved to support progressive and liberal policies 

  • Diverse coalition including labor unions, minorities, liberals 

  • Dominant force in American politics, especially during New Deal era 

D. Granger Movement 

  • Organized agrarian movement in late 19th century 

  • Focused on economic reforms, regulation of railroads 

  • Formed cooperatives, advocated for farmers' rights 

  • Led to establishment of Grange organizations, state regulations 

  • Influence on early populist and progressive movements 

E. Southern Democrats 

  • Faction of Democratic Party in Southern states 

  • Traditionally conservative, supported states' rights 

  • Strongly opposed civil rights legislation, integration 

  • Played significant role in shaping Southern politics 

  • Declined in influence with Democratic Party realignment 

F. “Muckrakers” 

  • Journalists who exposed social, economic, political injustices 

  • Investigative reporting in magazines, newspapers 

  • Exposed corruption, labor abuses, unsanitary conditions 

  • Influenced public opinion, spurred reform movements 

  • Contributed to rise of investigative journalism 

G. Populist Movement 

  • Agrarian-based political movement in late 19th century 

  • Advocated for farmers' interests, economic reforms 

  • Supported free coinage of silver, regulation of railroads 

  • Faded with failure of Populist Party, but ideas influenced later reforms 

  • Predecessor to progressive and agrarian movements 

H. Republican Party 

  • One of two major political parties in the U.S. 

  • Historically supported abolitionism, civil rights, big business 

  • Evolved to support conservative, free market policies 

  • Dominated politics in late 19th and early 20th centuries 

  • Major realignments in party platforms over time 

I. “Mugwumps” 

  • Faction of Republicans who bolted party in 1884 

  • Opposed Republican nominee James G. Blaine 

  • Supported Democrat Grover Cleveland for president 

  • Advocated for civil service reform, honesty in government 

  • Demonstrated influence of reform-minded Republicans 

J. “Half-Breeds” 

  • Faction of Republican Party in late 19th century 

  • Supported civil service reform, moderate policies 

  • Opposed "Stalwarts," led by Roscoe Conkling 

  • Favored by President Hayes and Senator Blaine 

  • Demonstrated divisions within Republican Party during Gilded Age 

K. “Stalwarts” 

  • Faction of Republican Party led by Roscoe Conkling 

  • Favored patronage, opposed civil service reform 

  • Supported traditional party machine politics 

  • Opposed "Half-Breeds" within the party 

  • Illustrates divisions within Republican Party during Gilded Age