US History Review - Chapters 1-7

Northern vs. Southern Economies

• North:
  • More populated.
  • More factories; industrial focus.
  • Banks located in the North.
  • More concentrated wealth.
• South:
  • Agricultural-based economy.
  • Focuses on growing cash crops (tobacco, cotton, indigo, rice).
  • Relied heavily on enslaved labor. (Cotton Gin increased the need for enslaved people.)

War of 1812

• Embargo Act of 1807:
  • Put in place by Thomas Jefferson to punish England and France for attacking American ships, seizing cargo, and impressment of sailors (forcing people to serve in a military against their will).
  • Stopped trade with all countries, which was a massive failure.
• Americans sided with France (Napoleon), angering the English.
• English continued to impress sailors, armed Native Americans in western territories, blockaded American ports, and seized ships.
• War Hawks:
  • Pro-war group mostly from the South and West.
  • Northern states (industrial, sea-focused) preferred to trade with England and opposed war.
• Causes of the War:
  • England did not recognize U.S. neutrality.
  • Impressment of sailors.
  • Seizing of cargo.
  • Supplying weapons to Native Americans in western territories.
• Results of the War:
  • America solidified its independence.
  • Andrew Jackson and William Henry Harrison became war heroes and later presidents.
  • The United States would never try to invade Canada again.

Era of Good Feelings

• The U.S. theoretically beat the British a second time in 40 years.
• Virginia Dynasty: George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and James Monroe.
• Federalists in New England were not happy because of the Virginia Dynasty. They sent a note to Washington D.C. during the Hartford Convention saying that they would secede from the country if the war continued. However, the treaty had already been signed and America had already ended the war by then.
• No political parties except the Democratic-Republican Party.
• American System (Henry Clay):
  • Build infrastructure (railroads, roads, canals) to connect the East, West, North, and South for easier trade.
  • Establish a national bank.
  • Protective tariffs (taxes on imported goods).
    • The North loved this.
    • The South hated this because they rely on cash crops and need to import goods from Europe.

Monroe Doctrine

• Any new country established in the Western Hemisphere (North or South America) would be protected by the U.S., preventing European powers from recolonizing it.
• The U.S. would have influence in newly established countries in North and South America because the U.S. would be their big brother whether they liked it or not.

Rebellions

• Louisiana Rebellion (during the War of 1812):
  • Enslaved people organized the largest rebellion in history.
  • Influenced by interactions with enslaved and free people from different Caribbean islands through the port city of New Orleans.
• Harper's Ferry (John Brown):
  • John Brown was an extreme abolitionist.
  • Brown tried to take weapons from the U.S. arsenal at Harpers Ferry to create an enslaved uprising.
  • Failed due to few enslaved people in the mountainous area (now West Virginia).
  • Brown was captured, put on trial, killed, and became a martyr for the North, splitting the country even more.

Age of Jackson

• Started with the corrupt bargain in 1824.
  • Andrew Jackson ran against John Quincy Adams during that year.
  • Neither got the majority vote in the electoral college, so it went to the House of Representatives.
  • Henry Clay, speaker of the house, influenced the vote for John Quincy Adams.
  • John Quincy Adams won, and Henry Clay became Secretary of State.
  • Jacksonian supporters felt this was a corrupt bargain, and they created the Democratic party.
• Growth of Democracy:
  • Many states got rid of the land ownership requirement in order to vote.
  • Andrew Jackson made himself out to be a common man with a rags-to-riches story.
• Spoils System:
  • Andrew Jackson gave jobs to those who supported him, regardless of their qualifications.
• Tariff of Abomination:
  • The South hated the protective tariffs because it hurt them economically.
• Trail of Tears and Indian Removal Act:
  • Supreme Court case favored the Cherokee Nation, but Andrew Jackson ignored it and forced Native Americans out of their native lands in Georgia and Tennessee to reservations in Oklahoma.
  • The forceful movement was called the Trail of Tears, because one third of their population died on the march.
  • The federal government was supposed to pay them, but they never did.
• Bank Wars:
  • Andrew Jackson fought against the National Bank.
  • Andrew Jackson put money into pet banks, causing the Panic of 1836, which Van Buren had to deal with.
  • Andrew Jackson got into a fight with Nicholas Biddle, the president of the National Bank.
  • Andrew Jackson won, and the Second National Bank of America was not renewed and went away.

Manifest Destiny

• James K. Polk: President during Manifest Destiny.
  • Slogan: "54°40' or fight!"
  • Wanted to expand all the way to the 54°40' parallel line.
• Impact on Natives:
  • Native Americans lost land, people, and their culture.
  • Pushed further and further West.

Texas Revolution

• War for Texas Independence from Mexico.
• Mexico invited Americans to move into Texas to populate the area:
  • Americans did not follow the three rules that Mexico set:
    • Become Catholic.
    • Speak Spanish.
    • Become a Mexican citizen.
  • Santa Ana enforced these laws.
  • Americans fought for independence.
    • The Alamo: the Mexican army surrounded the fort and killed almost everybody there.
    • Battle of San Jacinto: was the final battle of the Texas Revolution, and the rallying cry was, "Remember the Alamo"
• Texas became a country for nine years and was then annexed by the U.S, which is adding land to your country.
• Whether or not the U.S. wanted another slave territory became a debate, as to why Texas wasn’t annexed faster.

Mexican-American War

• Texas was now part of the U.S., but the border was disputed.
  • The U.S. believed that the border was the Rio Grande.
  • Mexico believed that the border was the Nueces River.
• James K. Polk sent troops into the disputed territory.
• Mexico invaded, and so did the United States. The U.S. won.
• Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo:
  • The United States got the Mexican Session: Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, and California.
  • We paid Mexico $15,000,000$ for it.

Forty-Niners

• Gold found in California in 1848, leading to the gold rush in 1849.
• People moved to California to find gold.
• The Service industry was the best way to make out during the Gold Rush, such as people who opened hotels; rented shovels and pickaxes; and owned restaurants, dry-cleaning, and washing and folding clothes services.
• People moved west for gold, new land, and escaping debt.

Trails

• Santa Fe Trail: the busiest one because it was a trade trail.
• Oregon Trail: Goes out to Oregon, but it was only a one-way trail.
• Mormon Trail: Mormon religious people took a trail to Utah, where they settled their Mormon-based settlement, Salt Lake City.

Gadsden Purchase

• A small sliver of land on the southern border of Arizona and New Mexico.
• We paid Mexico $10,000,000$ for it.
• The purchase is how we reached Manifest Destiny.

Reform and Change

• Because of all this new land that we are acquiring as a country, we have to come up with new ways of messing up the perfect Missouri compromise (drawing a line: Everything north would be free, and everything south would allow slavery).
• The problem is that once you get new land, the Missouri Compromise doesn't exist.
• Opportunity to close it off to slavery or open it up to slavery.
• Rise in the abolition movement: the ending of slavery.
• More people wanted to stop the spread of slavery.

Compromise of 1850:

• The territories of New Mexico opened up to popular sovereignty (allowing the ability for people to vote on if they're gonna be a slave or a free state).
  • This pushed people to the breaking point on the issue of slavery and was seen in Bleeding Kansas.

Kansas-Nebraska Act:

• The Nebraska Territory needed to get formally organized, and Stephen Douglas's plan to do this was with the Kansas-Nebraska Act.
• Stephen Douglas wanted to build a transcontinental railroad that went through Chicago, where he was from, so he needed the southern vote to pass his transcontinental railroad plans. So, to do that, he took the Nebraska territory and chopped it up into two different territories: the Kansas territory and the Nebraska territory.
• The decision on whether or not they are going to be free or enslaved was going to be up to popular sovereignty.
• This literally threw out the Missouri Compromise.

Formation of the Republican Party:

• The Republican party came out of the Kansas-Nebraska Act, the new abolition movement, and the idea of not allowing slavery to expand into new territories.
• The Republican party was created from the antislavery people, Northern Democrats, and people who wanted to end slavery.
• Southern Democrats and the Constitutionalist Party were in the South and formed the Democrat Party.

Election of 1860:

• Abraham Lincoln ran for the Republican party and won because the Democratic party was split and divided their vote.
• The South saw Abraham Lincoln's win as essentially the end of their way of life and their ability to have enslaved people, so they decided to secede.

Fugitive Slave Act and Underground Railroad:

• The Underground Railroad was not an actual underground railroad but a system of safe houses that people used in order to escape from the South to the North.
• Majority of stops are in the North because if you were in the South, you probably weren't getting a lot of help to escape.
• The Fugitive Slave Act, attached to the Compromise of 1850, put people in the position of having to return enslaved people back to the South and into a system of servitude, or they could face jail time and fines.
• The Act angered the North and made the divide bigger because people were essentially being forced into the institution of slavery.

Civil War

• After the election of 1860, South Carolina became the first state to secede.
• President Lincoln did not want to have a war. His goal was to keep the union together.
• South Carolina seceded, followed by several other states, resulting in about 13 of the Southern states seceding with their president, Jefferson Davis, having the Confederate States of America's capital in Richmond, Virginia.
• First Battle of the war: Fort Sumter, which is just off the coast of South Carolina.
  • Significant because it started the war.
• Antietam: A victory that was needed by the North.
• North's Goal and Strategy (Anaconda Plan):
  • They were going to surround the South and squeeze them into submission.
  • The North had a significant amount of men, more money, more weapons, and more technology.
  • That didn’t happen on both sides; they both were thinking it was going to be quick.
• Southern Strategy: to fight a war of attrition: Keep fighting, don't lose, and don't give up. Eventually, they will stop because wars are expensive.
• The South had really good generals.
  • Robert E. Lee was a West Point grad and got his war experience in the Mexican-American war.
  • The South was also fighting on their homeland, so they knew the territory.
• Because they were successful in the beginning of the war, Lincoln couldn't issue an Emancipation Proclamation until after there was a victory. If he had done it earlier, it would've looked at he would've been looked at as somebody who's being super desperate.
• Emancipation Proclamation (Post Battle of Antietam):
  • Freed all enslaved people in territories of active rebellion.
  • Did not free enslaved people in slaveholding border states because Lincoln wanted to make sure that they didn't go and join the Confederacy.
• Gettysburg
  • This was the turning point of the war for the union.
  • The union won this three-day battle.
  • The South would never again try to invade the North.
  • After the Battle of Gettysburg, Abraham Lincoln gave his famous Gettysburg Address.
    • The speech to become super pro everyone coming back together; he did not use North or South.
• Vicksburg:
  • A city along the Mississippi River with a railroad attached to it.
  • Controlling transportation routes is the most important thing in any war.
  • The controlling of the Mississippi River was part of the Anaconda plan and was vital to the union's war effort.
  • Vicksburg was a 47-day seize on the city eventually resulting in a union victory.
• Sherman's March to the Sea:
  • This was a last-ditch effort to force the Confederates to give up.
  • Sherman Marched from Atlanta to Savannah and destroyed railroads, farms, houses, and towns and killed livestock.

Reconstruction

• The war was over
  • The North won
  • The North was in question as to what should be done.
• The economy in the South was absolutely destroyed.
  • Nobody was tending the farms, and nobody was working on the plantations.
• The North's economy slowed down as well because there was not a need for as many wartime products.
• The United States Creates a Freedman's Bureau
  • A group that was designed to support both free blacks and poor whites in the South, get education, kinda like get them prepared for, like, what life is gonna be like at the time.
• Carpetbaggers:
  • People who came from the North and moved to the South in order to take advantage of the possibility of the poor economy in the South.
• Scalawags:
  • Poor white Southerners who joined the Republican party.
• Radical Republicans and Radical Reconstruction:
  • The attempt of Republicans to force the South to recognize that they were the cause of the war.
  • Forcing the South in a way that resulted in anyone who fought for the Confederacy would not be allowed to serve in Government.
  • Allowed freed black people to be a part of government.
  • Forced the passing of the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments.
  • All of this had to be done through martial law.
• Compromise of 1877:
  • The compromise put in place that resulted in the end of the construction,
  • The election or the, yeah, the election of Rutherford B. Hayes,
  • Puts us into the redeemer South, where the South takes back control of their state governments without federal interference.
• How this affects the blacks, the, the formerly; sorry, the, the freed, black people, is they have to go into basically another form of servitude and sharecropping.
• Laws created that target them specifically in Jim Crow laws, and then they go into a world of segregation.
• KKK (Ku Klux Klan) was essentially created to push down the rights of newly freed black people and bring up white supremacy.
• Sharecropping:
  • A system that puts people back into a form of servitude by forcing them to rent land and grow crops, but they never knew what was being sold for and, you know, what the cost was. So it was just another way of keeping people working on the fields for essentially nothing.

Court Cases

• McCullough vs. Maryland:
  • Had to do with the U.S. Bank in Maryland could Maryland tax that bank. The answer is no, they can't tax them.
• Gibbons v. Ogden:
  • Ferry boats going across the Hudson River between New York and New Jersey. States can't restrict; states can't restrict who goes across the Hudson River between New York and New Jersey Only the federal government can control interstate commerce.
• Worcester vs. Georgia:
  • The court case that was in favor of the Cherokee nation that Andrew Jackson ignored.
• Dred Scott vs. Sanford:
  • The most significant case against black people at the time because Dred Scott believed that once he had entered a free state, he would become free.
  • Chief Justice Taney: You are property. Black people are not citizens, and you do not have the rights to sue in court.

Innovations

• Cotton Gin: Made separating cotton from the seed easier, so it increased the need for enslaved people.
• Market Revolution: Changes people from making things at home to buying things that are mass-produced from factories. Also leads to the increase of urban areas and the use of wage labor rather than product wages.
• Ironclad: A boat that was created during the civil war to stop cannonballs from sinking boats (wooden boat with iron around it in the beginning).
• Rifling: Allowed for bullets to be shot more accurately and increased the casualty rate during the civil war.
• American Red Cross: Created by Clara Barton, who is known as the angel of the battlefield.
• 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments: Free people vote or free citizens vote.