Light Reactions

Photosynthesis

  1. Stomata/Stoma = () ←this thing on the leaf

  2. Guard cell = outermost layer?

  3. Cell wall = All around the stoma

Cells Flaccid [closed] = Low amounts of water <

Cells Turgid Stoma [open] = Large amounts of water >

*based on how much of water they have.

[Open cell] lose H20 -> the stoma close
[Closed cell] Gain H20 -> the stoma open

When open gasses can move in and out, that’s how plants are able to breathe.

In: C02

Out: 02 & H20(bad)

Bad b/c plants Morning (Open) , Noon Hot[Closed] , Evening (Open)

Gas movement occurs when the day isn’t as extremely hot

Guard cell on one side like a cotyledon -> like this [ - - ]

Gasses Enter + Exit → Stomata

Multiple Stoma = Stomata

Plant Cell

Plant cells have the same organelles as animals besides cell wall, chloroplasts

Plant cell more complex than animal cell

Three Types of DNA: Plant DNA, Mitochondrial DNA, Chloroplast DNA

Chloroplast

Chloroplast make sugar for plant / Like the Mitochondria

  1. Phophlibid bylayers []*32w332222222222e

  2. Thylakoid(PSI(1st rxn)): Where light reactions occur.

  3. Stroma(PSII(2nd Rxn)): Liquid around Thylakoid → Sugar is made

Light Reactions

Step 1: Light Energy → Chemical Energy

Step 2: Chemical Energy → Sugar

Light stuck will get to the 1st 3rd 4th -> layer thylakoids on top of each other.?

The Light Reactions = (Opposite to Electron Transport Chain in Mitochondria)

  1. Sunlight strikes PSII (protein structure)

Chlorophyll absorbs sunlight uses it too take Electrons from the water

  1. PSII Take Electrons holding H20 together getting pulled away by PSII (molecule found after PSI)

Water is the Source of Electrons = (Electron Donor)

H (-) O (-) H -> Ions break (- = become Electrons)

Steal one Electron from each side → The Electrons go in to thing called the light reaction

Pass Electrons from Electron Pathway → Energise molecules in pathway to get Hydrogen thru

Build up of H+ in the interior thylakoid lumen

  1. Electrons slowly lose energy then sunlight hits the Second Reaction Center (PSI)

Re energises the Electron, gives it more energy, Higher amount of energy

That electron (H+) can go into NADP+ = TAKES 2 ELECTRONS

(NADP+ + 2H+ = NADPH)

  1. When this happens we get a bunch of O2

Waste: O + O = O2 → exit plant via Stomata

NADP+ / NADPH is an electron carrier ???

  1. Build up of Hydrogens on one side

pH drops → plant becomes acidic

allows H+ to pump back out

If there is no place for the electrons to go then the plant cant make ATP, NADPH

ATP Synthase transfer out as they do we make ATP

Light energy → Chemical energy (ATP)

Quick Review

Light + Water = O2

e- stored in NADPH?

What is the electron carrier?

H+ stored in plant

Need → Light + Water + C02

Make → O2 ATP NADPH

Location: Thylakoid

  • Plants absorb energy from sunlight through a process called photosynthesis

  • Short wavelengths of light have higher energy, while long wavelengths have lower energy

  • Photosynthesis primarily uses red and blue wavelengths of light

  • Photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplasts of plant cells, specifically in the thylakoid membranes

Photosynthesis: Energy + 6CO2 + H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2

Plants absorb wavelengths primarily in the blue (400-500 nm) and red (600-700 nm) regions of the electromagnetic spectrum for photosynthesis. But green (500-600) is reflected or transmitted.

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Calvin cycle

The Krebs cycle is the opposite of the Calvin cycle.

CO2 NADPH ATP → C6H12O16 + 02

Stroma = Calvin cycle

Needs CO2 ATP NADPH

Thylakoid NEEDS {light + water} light reactions

Stroma = Calvin cycle

light hits the thing ion the chloroplast

The Calvin Cycle takes place in the stroma of the chloroplasts in plant cells.

Need Make

Make ATP NADPH, CO2 Sugar NADP+ ADP

Kreb Cycle Produces CO2

Plant don’t do Calvin cycle without sttomata

  • Light Reactions

Thylakoid

Light reaction happen in the thylakoid which happens in the gramnum and a gruop of thylakods are granum. If

  • Calvin Cycle

Dark = During the night

Light Independans

light water nadph and ATP

NADPH

C6H12O6 the H come from NADPH

plants can recyle carbon

RUBISCO helps put the CO2 and make half a glucose::

Calvin Cycle

3 RUBISCO( p5Cp )

To Rearrange it take energy

6ATP→6ADP

6NADPH→6NADP+

1 3c falls off do too

spins twice to make glucose

Need 18 ATP per full glucose (2 cycles)

Need 12 NADPH per full glucose (2 cycles)

NADPH drops off Hydrogen it beccome NADP+

True.In the Calvin Cycle, water is oxidized to produce oxygen, and carbon dioxide is reduced to form glucose. This process occurs in the stroma of chloroplasts during photosynthesis.

Step 1 Light hits

Step 2 Steal e- from H20 { O2 stolen from Stoma

Step 3 Elecate e-

Step 4 Pass e- down and pump H into thyakoid

Step 5 PSI - absorbs light - regenerates e- so it can jump to NADP+ + e- -> NADP´ + e- -> NADP-

Step 6 H+ get pumped out of thylocoid and generateds ATPH as a lower En than Oxygen

Plants produce suger goes to the mitochondira that break them down

Creating chemical energy steal energy from water

E- from water make o2

Oxygen come from the light reaction

Need

Make ATP NADH,

Calvin Cycle made G3P makes Half a glucose

Enzyme = rubisco can hold 15 carbons

3 [ 5c + 1C ] = 3 * [ 6c ]

[ 6 ] / 2 Break in half = 6 * [3c]

3 come in 3 go out

NADP_H = Electron carrier for plant

NAD_H = Electrom carrier for animals

Calvin Cycle: 6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy → C6H12O6 + 6O2

What? molecule proton pump

hemoglobin carry oxygens contains iron

light Kinetic energy: concert radiant energy

reverse of kreb cycle called the Call

Plants need Oxygen and water and CO2

CO2 Water used to make glucose.

Plant make their own food