Study Notes on Cannibalistic Exchanges in Northern Peru

Overview of Mining Conflict in Huamachuco, Peru

  • The study examines the moral economies of gold mining among campesinos (peasants) and norteños (entrepreneurs) in Huamachuco.

  • The conflict arises from juxtaposing small-scale underground mining practices with Summa Gold's open-pit mining operations.

Apu Cannibalism

  • Campesinos engage in reciprocal practices known as "apu moral economy" through which they nurture their mountain-ancestors (apus) while extracting resources.

  • Two types of cannibalism are identified: reciprocal cannibalism (small-scale miners) vs. nonreciprocal cannibalism (Summa Gold).

  • Campesinos often feed their apu offerings (coca leaves, fruits), contrasting with Summa Gold’s destructive methods (dynamite).

Power Dynamics

  • There exists a significant power imbalance between campesinos and norteños, which influences their relationship with apus and mining regulation.

  • Campesinos report health problems and environmental degradation due to the mining practices of Summa Gold, which prioritizes profit over community well-being.

Legal and Economic Context

  • Peruvian law designates subsoil ownership to the state which affects campesinos’ ability to exploit their own land without corporate intervention.

  • Mining conflicts are exacerbated by legal ambiguity and state-level support for mining companies while marginalizing campesino rights.

Environmental and Social Impact

  • Open-pit mining is linked to severe environmental damage, health issues, and socio-economic deterioration in surrounding communities.

  • Contradictions exist in perceptions of mining; while underground mining retains community benefits, open-pit operations lead to exploitation and environmental neglect.

Conclusion

  • Summa Gold's operations reflect a model of extraction that denies campesinos agency and promotes nonreciprocal relations, leading to increased conflict.

  • The legacy of conflict reflects broader neoliberal dynamics and racial inequalities affecting Andean communities in Peru.