Study Notes on Cannibalistic Exchanges in Northern Peru
Overview of Mining Conflict in Huamachuco, Peru
The study examines the moral economies of gold mining among campesinos (peasants) and norteños (entrepreneurs) in Huamachuco.
The conflict arises from juxtaposing small-scale underground mining practices with Summa Gold's open-pit mining operations.
Apu Cannibalism
Campesinos engage in reciprocal practices known as "apu moral economy" through which they nurture their mountain-ancestors (apus) while extracting resources.
Two types of cannibalism are identified: reciprocal cannibalism (small-scale miners) vs. nonreciprocal cannibalism (Summa Gold).
Campesinos often feed their apu offerings (coca leaves, fruits), contrasting with Summa Gold’s destructive methods (dynamite).
Power Dynamics
There exists a significant power imbalance between campesinos and norteños, which influences their relationship with apus and mining regulation.
Campesinos report health problems and environmental degradation due to the mining practices of Summa Gold, which prioritizes profit over community well-being.
Legal and Economic Context
Peruvian law designates subsoil ownership to the state which affects campesinos’ ability to exploit their own land without corporate intervention.
Mining conflicts are exacerbated by legal ambiguity and state-level support for mining companies while marginalizing campesino rights.
Environmental and Social Impact
Open-pit mining is linked to severe environmental damage, health issues, and socio-economic deterioration in surrounding communities.
Contradictions exist in perceptions of mining; while underground mining retains community benefits, open-pit operations lead to exploitation and environmental neglect.
Conclusion
Summa Gold's operations reflect a model of extraction that denies campesinos agency and promotes nonreciprocal relations, leading to increased conflict.
The legacy of conflict reflects broader neoliberal dynamics and racial inequalities affecting Andean communities in Peru.