COMPREHENSIVE VOCAB

Topic 10: Environment

• 10.1. Nouns:

  • Pollution (” ” nhi‘’m): Environmental contamination. Example: Pollution levels in major cities have become a serious public concern.
  • Climate change (Bi‘“n ’”i kh’ h’’): Long-term shifts in temperatures and weather patterns. Example: Climate change is causing rising sea levels and extreme weather conditions.
  • Ecosystem (H‘ sinh th’i): A biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment. Example: The destruction of forests adversely affects the entire ecosystem.
  • Conservation (B’o tn): The act of preserving, guarding, or protecting. Example: Conservation efforts aim to protect endangered species from extinction.
  • Habitat (Mi tr’ng s‘ng): The natural home or environment of an animal, plant, or other organism. Example: Deforestation threatens the natural habitat of countless wildlife species.
  • Renewable energy (N‘ng l’ng t’i to): Energy from a source that is not depleted when used, such as wind or solar power. Example: Governments worldwide encourage the use of renewable energy to reduce carbon emissions.
  • Waste (Ch‘t th’i): Material that is not wanted; the unusable remains or byproducts of something. Example: Household waste needs to be sorted for effective recycling.
  • Greenhouse gas (Kh’ nh’ k’nh): A gas that contributes to the greenhouse effect by absorbing infrared radiation. Example: Excessive greenhouse gas emissions contribute to global warming.
  • Biodiversity (’a dng sinh h’c): The variety of life in the world or in a particular habitat or ecosystem. Example: Preserving biodiversity is crucial for ecological balance.
  • Sustainability (S b‘n v’ng): The ability to be maintained at a certain rate or level. Example: Sustainability initiatives are essential to ensure resources for future generations.

• 10.2. Verbs:

  • Recycle (T’i ch‘): Convert waste into reusable material. Example: Many communities have started to recycle plastic, paper, and glass.
  • Conserve (B’o tn): Protect something, especially something of environmental or cultural importance, from harm or destruction. Example: We must conserve water by fixing leaks and using efficient appliances.
  • Pollute (Gy  nhi‘’m): Contaminate water, air, or a place with harmful or poisonous substances. Example: Factories that pollute the environment face strict penalties.
  • Preserve (Gi’ gn, b’o tn): Maintain something in its original or existing state. Example: Initiatives to preserve coral reefs can save marine ecosystems.
  • Erode (X’i mn): Gradually wear away (soil, rock, or land). Example: Heavy rains and poor land management can erode fertile topsoil.

• 10.3. Adjectives:

  • Environmental (Thu’c v‘ mi tr’ng): Relating to the natural world and the impact of human activity on its condition. Example: Environmental awareness programs have a significant impact on community behavior.
  • Eco-friendly (Thn thi‘’n v’i mi tr’ng): Not harmful to the environment. Example: Eco-friendly products are increasingly popular among conscientious consumers.
  • Hazardous (Nguy hi‘’m, ’”c hi): Risky; dangerous. Example: Hazardous waste must be disposed of according to strict regulations.
  • Organic (H’u c): Produced or involving production without the use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides, or other artificial agents. Example: Organic farming avoids the use of synthetic pesticides.
  • Biodegradable (Phn h’y sinh h’c): Capable of being decomposed by bacteria or other living organisms. Example: Biodegradable packaging helps reduce landfill waste.

• 10.4. Collocations:

  • Reduce carbon footprint (Gi’m d‘u chn carbon): To lower the amount of carbon dioxide and other carbon compounds emitted due to the consumption of fossil fuels by a particular person, group, etc. Example: Using public transport is an effective way to reduce your carbon footprint.
  • Environmental protection (B’o v‘ mi tr’ng): The practice of protecting the natural environment by individuals, organizations, and governments. Example: Environmental protection should be a priority in government policy.
  • Climate crisis (Kh’ng ho’ng kh’ h’’): A term used to describe global warming and climate change and their impacts. Example: Scientists warn that the climate crisis demands immediate global action.
  • Renewable resources (Ngun t’i nguyn t’i to): A resource which can be used repeatedly and replaced naturally. Example: Many countries are investing in renewable resources like wind and solar power.
  • Sustainable development (Ph’t tri‘’n b‘n v’ng): Economic development that is conducted without depletion of natural resources. Example: Sustainable development balances economic growth with environmental responsibility.

Topic 11: Technology

• 11.1. Nouns:

  • Innovation (S ’”i m‘i): The action or process of innovating. Example: Constant innovation keeps tech companies competitive.
  • Artificial intelligence (AI) (Tr’ tu‘ nhn to): The theory and development of computer systems able to perform tasks that normally require human intelligence. Example: Artificial intelligence is transforming industries from healthcare to finance.
  • Cybersecurity (An ninh mng): The state of being protected against the criminal or unauthorized use of electronic data. Example: Cybersecurity threats have increased with the rise of remote work.
  • Software (Phn m‘m): The programs and other operating information used by a computer. Example: This software simplifies project management for large teams.
  • Algorithm (Thu’t to’n): A process or set of rules to be followed in calculations or other problem-solving operations, especially by a computer. Example: Advanced algorithms drive personalized recommendations online.
  • Data (D’ li‘’u): Facts and statistics collected together for reference or analysis. Example: Accurate data is crucial for making informed business decisions.
  • Device (Thi‘’t b’): A thing made or adapted for a particular purpose, especially a piece of mechanical or electronic equipment. Example: Mobile devices are indispensable for modern communication.
  • Network (Mng l"’i): A group or system of interconnected people or things. Example: A stable network is essential for uninterrupted video conferences.
  • Hardware (Phn c’ng): The machines, wiring, and other physical components of a computer or other electronic system. Example: Upgrading your hardware can improve computer performance.
  • Automation (T ’”ng h’a): The use of largely automatic equipment in a system of manufacturing or other production process. Example: Automation helps reduce manual errors in manufacturing.

• 11.2. Verbs:

  • Develop (Ph’t tri‘’n): Build or create something more advanced. Example: Tech giants invest heavily to develop cutting-edge products.
  • Implement (Tri‘’n khai): Put a decision, plan, agreement, etc., into effect. Example: The company plans to implement a new security protocol.
  • Upgrade (Nng cp): Raise something to a higher standard, in particular improve by adding or replacing components. Example: Customers are encouraged to upgrade to the latest operating system.
  • Encrypt (M’ h’a): Convert information or data into a code, especially to prevent unauthorized access. Example: It’s crucial to encrypt sensitive data before sharing online.
  • Browse (Duy‘’t (web)): Survey goods or information in a leisurely way. Example: People often browse the internet on their smartphones.

• 11.3. Adjectives:

  • Technological (Thu’c v‘ cng ngh‘): Relating to or using technology. Example: Technological advances have drastically changed modern healthcare.
  • Digital (K’ thu’t s‘): Involving or relating to the use of computer technology. Example: Digital payments have become mainstream in many countries.
  • Cutting-edge (Tin tin, hi‘’n ’i nh‘t): Highly advanced; innovative or pioneering. Example: Cutting-edge innovations often revolutionize entire industries.
  • User-friendly (Thn thi‘’n v’i ng"’i dng): Easy to use or understand. Example: A user-friendly interface helps attract and retain customers.
  • Secure (B’o m’t): Fixed or fastened so as not to give way, become loose, or be lost; protected against threats. Example: Secure systems protect companies against data breaches.

• 11.4. Collocations:

  • High-tech industry (Ng’nh cng ngh‘ cao): An industry that uses advanced technology in its manufacturing processes. Example: The high-tech industry continues to grow rapidly worldwide.
  • Digital transformation (Chuy‘’n ’”i s‘): The process of using digital technologies to create new — or modify existing — business processes. Example: Digital transformation is essential for businesses to stay competitive.
  • Cyber attack (Cu‘c tng cng mng): An attempt by hackers to damage or destroy a computer network or system. Example: A recent cyber attack compromised personal data of millions of users.
  • Cloud computing (’i‘’n to’n ’’m my): The practice of using a network of remote servers hosted on the internet to store, manage, and process data. Example: Cloud computing enables flexible access to resources from anywhere.
  • Internet of Things (IoT) (Internet vn vt): The interconnection via the internet of computing devices embedded in everyday objects. Example: The Internet of Things connects household appliances to the web for greater convenience.

Topic 12: Culture

• 12.1. Nouns:

  • Tradition (Truy‘’n th‘ng): The transmission of customs or beliefs from generation to generation. Example: The festival celebrates a centuries-old cultural tradition.
  • Custom (Phong t’c): A traditional and widely accepted way of behaving or doing something that is specific to a particular society, place, or time. Example: Each region has its own unique customs during the New Year.
  • Heritage (Di s’n): Property that is or may be inherited; an inheritance. Example: Historic temples are an important part of the country’s cultural heritage.
  • Ritual (Nghi l‘): A religious or solemn ceremony consisting of a series of actions performed according to a prescribed order. Example: The morning ritual involves offering flowers and lighting incense.
  • Folklore (Vn h’a dn gian): The traditional beliefs, customs, and stories of a community, passed through the generations by word of mouth. Example: Folklore often contains moral lessons passed down through generations.
  • Artform (H’nh th"c ngh‘ thu’t): A conventionalized form of artistic expression. Example: Opera is considered a classical artform with devoted audiences worldwide.
  • Ethnicity (Dn tc): The fact or state of belonging to a social group that has a common national or cultural tradition. Example: The region is known for its rich diversity of ethnicities and languages.
  • Cuisine (’m th"c): A style or method of cooking, especially as characteristic of a particular country, region, or establishment. Example: Vietnamese cuisine is famous for its fresh ingredients and balanced flavors.
  • Festival (L‘ h‘i): A day or period of celebration, typically for religious reasons. Example: The annual festival attracts thousands of tourists each year.
  • Diversity (S ’a dng): The state of being diverse; variety. Example: Cultural diversity is celebrated through various international events.

• 12.2. Verbs:

  • Celebrate (’n m"ng, k‘ ni‘’m): Acknowledge (a significant or happy day or event) with a social gathering or enjoyable activity. Example: People from different backgrounds come together to celebrate the holiday.
  • Preserve (B’o tn): To maintain the current state. Example: Efforts must be made to preserve ancient traditions and artifacts.
  • Inherit (Th"a k‘, ti‘’p n‘i): Receive (money, property, or a title) as an heir at the death of the previous holder; to receive from ancestors. Example: The younger generation inherits many customs from their ancestors.
  • Adapt (Th’ch nghi): Make something suitable for a new use or purpose; modify. Example: Migrants often adapt traditional recipes to local ingredients.
  • Embrace (’’n nhn): Accept or support (a belief, theory, or change) willingly and enthusiastically. Example: Younger audiences eagerly embrace modern interpretations of old folklore.

• 12.3. Adjectives:

  • Cultural (Thu’c vn h’a): Relating to the ideas, customs, and social behavior of a society. Example: Cultural events offer insights into local traditions and values.
  • Traditional (Truy‘’n th‘ng): Existing in or as part of a tradition; long-established. Example: Traditional clothing varies widely from region to region.
  • Historic (Mang t’nh l’ch s"): Famous or important in history. Example: The historic city center is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
  • Multicultural (’a vn h’a): Relating to or containing several cultural or ethnic groups within a society. Example: The multicultural environment fosters open-mindedness and tolerance.
  • Authentic (Nguyn b’n, ch’nh th‘ng): Of undisputed origin; genuine. Example: Tourists often seek out authentic local experiences rather than tourist traps.

• 12.4. Collocations:

  • Cultural identity (B’n s‘c vn h’a): The identity or feeling of belonging to a group. Example: Language plays a significant role in shaping cultural identity.
  • Rich heritage (Di s’n phong ph’): A substantial amount of historical and cultural traditions passed down. Example: This region boasts a rich