Comprehensive Study Guide: Facial Feedback Hypothesis and Advanced Academic Vocabulary
The Facial Feedback Hypothesis
- Original Proponent: This psychological idea was first put forward by Sylvan Tomkins.
- Core Concept: Tomkins suggested that the muscles in the face do more than just reflect how a person feels emotionally; they also help to shape those emotions. This implies that facial expressions have a causal role in emotional experience.
- Mechanism of Action: * Moving your face into a specific expression can initiate the corresponding feeling. * Example: Moving your face into a smile can make you feel happier, even if nothing pleasant has occurred. * Contrast: While many people assume that the causal direction is internal-to-external (e.g., we feel frightened, so we tremble; we feel happy, so we smile), Tomkins proposed that the physical expression can actually lead to the internal feeling.
Psychology and Behavioral Research Terms
Initiate * Phonetics: /ɪˈnɪʃieɪ t/ * Part of Speech: Verb (V) * Verbatim Definition: To cause something to begin. * Illustrative Example: "Mai initiated a series of reforms of the Conservative Party."
Identify * Phonetics: /aɪˈdentɪfaɪ/ * Part of Speech: Verb (V) * Verbatim Definition: To recognize someone or something and say or prove who or what they are. * Illustrative Example: "Even the smallest baby can identify its mother by her voice."
Cognitive * Phonetics: /ˈkɒɡnɪ tɪ v/ * Part of Speech: Adjective (adj) * Verbatim Definition: Connected with thinking or conscious mental processes. * Illustrative Example: "It also happens through information exchange that allows the emergence of cognitive distinction between players."
Target * Phonetics: /ˈtɑːɡɪ t/ * Part of Speech: Noun (n) * Verbatim Definition: An object shot at during shooting practice, often an circle with a pattern of rings. * Illustrative Example: "Aim for the dead centre of the target."
Vulnerability * Phonetics: /vʌ l nə rəˈbɪ lɪ t i/ * Part of Speech: Noun (n) * Verbatim Definition: Weakness or flaw in a system that makes it easy to attack. * Illustrative Example: "Effectiveness of targeting the vulnerability factors of depression in cognitive therapy."
Biological and Environmental Terminology
Genetic * Phonetics: /dʒəˈnetɪ k/ * Part of Speech: Adjective (adj) * Verbatim Definition: Relating to genes; belonging or received by each variety of animal or plant from its parents. Relates to sexual reproduction serving to create genetic variety.
Transplant * Phonetics: /trænsˈplɑː nt/ * Part of Speech: Verb (V) * Verbatim Definition: To move something, or to be moved from one place or person to another. * Illustrative Example: "The plants should be grown indoors until spring, when they can be transplanted outside."
Caribou * Phonetics: /ˈkærɪ buː/ * Part of Speech: Common Noun (Cn) * Verbatim Definition: A large animal which lives in cold places.
Shrub * Phonetics: /ʃrʌ b/ * Part of Speech: Common Noun (Cn) * Verbatim Definition: A small bushy plant.
Lichen * Phonetics: /ˈlaɪ kən/ * Part of Speech: Common Noun (Cn) * Verbatim Definition: A small plant that grows on rocks and trees. * Related Concept: Lichenology - An overview on Lichenological investigations gives the background of the history of research on lichens.
Shrubification * Phonetics: /ʃrʌ bɪ fɪ ˈkeɪ ʃən/ * Part of Speech: Noun (n) * Verbatim Definition: When shrubs grow bigger and spread more.
Logistics, Planning, and Business Vocabulary
Approach * Part of Speech: Verb (V) * Verbatim Definition: To come near or nearer to something or someone in space, time, etc. * Illustrative Example: "If you look out of the window on the left, you see that we're now approaching the Eiffel Tower."
Attempt * Phonetics: /əˈtempt/ * Part of Speech: Verb (V) * Verbatim Definition: To try to do something, especially something difficult. * Illustrative Example: "He attempted to a joke but not one laughed."
Prolong * Phonetics: /prəˈlɒŋ/ * Part of Speech: Verb (V) * Verbatim Definition: To make something last a longer time. * Illustrative Example: "We were having such a good time that we decided to prolong our stay by another week."
Pathway * Phonetics: /ˈpɑːθweɪ/ * Part of Speech: Noun (n) * Verbatim Definition: A track that a person can walk along. * Illustrative Example: "He has supported legislation that would grant most illegal immigrants a pathway to citizenship."
Sophisticated * Phonetics: /səˈfɪ stɪ keɪ tɪ d/ * Part of Speech: Adjective (adj) * Verbatim Definition: Very advanced and clever. * Illustrative Example: "The essential signalling pathways that initiate identified using sophisticated genetic approaches."
Stock Exchanges * Part of Speech: Noun (n) * Verbatim Definition: A place where people buy and sell parts of companies. * Illustrative Example: "Markets with many participants can close frequently on the basis of simple direct bids, as in a stock exchanges or commodities."
Cybersecurity * Part of Speech: Noun (n) * Verbatim Definition: Protecting computers networks from digital attacks. * Illustrative Example: "Projects include the areas of space science, bioengineering, cybersecurity on a digital attacks."
Accommodation * Phonetics: /əˌkɒməˈdeɪ ʃən/ * Part of Speech: Noun (n) * Verbatim Definition: A place to stay or live; an arrangement. * Illustrative Example: "I arranged the accommodation of my plans to yours."
Rental * Part of Speech: Noun (n) * Verbatim Definition: Rent something, or the amount of money that you pay to rent something. * Illustrative Example: "The students need to pay an phone rental of a quarter."
Coordinator * Phonetics: /kəʊˈɔːrdɪ neɪ tər/ * Part of Speech: Noun (n) * Verbatim Definition: A person who organizes the different parts of an activity and the people involved in it so that it works well. * Illustrative Example: "If you are an event coordinator, communicating your own commitment."
Arranged * Phonetics: /əˈreɪ ndʒd/ * Part of Speech: Verb (V) * Verbatim Definition: To make plans so that something happens. * Illustrative Example: "Our firm can arrange the installation maintenance of the entire system."
Analytical and General Vocabulary
Literature * Part of Speech: Noun (n) * Verbatim Definition: Written artistic works, especially those with a high and lasting artistic value. * Illustrative Example: "The festival is to encompass everything from music, theatre and ballet to literature."
Outward * Part of Speech: Adjective (adj) * Verbatim Definition: Relating to how people or situations seem to be, rather than how they are inside. * Illustrative Example: "looking EU that does not be up to its global responsibilities."
Indicate * Phonetics: /ˈɪ ndɪ keɪ t/ * Part of Speech: Verb (V) * Verbatim Definition: To show, point, or make clear in another way. * Illustrative Example: "Various studies indicate that forms of intensive medicine are extremely effective for the…"
Distill * Phonetics: /dɪ ˈstɪ l/ * Part of Speech: Verb (V) * Verbatim Definition: To reduce something but to keep the small part. * Note: Mentioned in the context of combating wind erosion at reclamation sites.
Capability * Phonetics: /keɪ pəˈbɪ lɪ ti/ * Part of Speech: Noun (n) * Verbatim Definition: The ability or power to do something specific. * Illustrative Example: "The results here indicated that education may enhance farmers' capabilities to reduce the risk through better management."
Tablecloths * Part of Speech: Noun (n) * Verbatim Definition: A cloth for covering table, usually for a meal. * Illustrative Example: "In wedding the partner use tablecloths to make individuals for bridge."
Total * Part of Speech: Adjective (adj) * Verbatim Definition: The amount you get when several smaller amounts are added together. * Illustrative Example: "At that time of day, cars with only one occupant accounted for almost of the total."