Regeneration

Classifying Economic activity

Primary – Extraction of raw resources

Secondary – manufacturing and processing

Tertiary – Service sector Quaternary – Knowledge management

·        The majority of UK workers are in the tertiary sector

Permanent contracts – have no fixed date for when employment will end – will usually include employee benefits

Temporary contracts – will set a date for the end of the employment – benefits not usually included, although sometimes money is paid instead of some benefits

Full-time – usually permanent contracts where people are working 35 hours or more

Part time – usually permanent contracts with a set amount of hours per week fewer than full time

Gig economy – short term temporary contracts or self employed freelancers

Differences in Economic activity

·        Different employment sectors

·        Differences in cost of living

·        Differences in employment opportunities

Social impacts

There is a strong correlation between areas with low pay and areas with low quality of life

·        Health inequality – males and females living in the most deprived areas spend nearly 1/3 of their lives in poor health, compared to 1/6 of those who live in the least deprived areas

·        Life expectancy – Males living in the most deprived 10th of areas can expect to live 9fewer years compared with the least deprived 10th.  – 7 fewer years for females

·        Levels of education – Family income is an important factor in educational success. Working class white children in poverty have lower educational attainment and are most likely to continue to underachieve

Explaining social impacts

Although inequalities in pay levels are reflected in quality of live indices, there is not a simple relationship between them

·        The NHS service means that high quality health care is available freely to anyone and not dependant on income. Health inequalities can be caused by lifestyle choices – smoking, drinking

·        London has achieved high educational levels in areas with deprivation measures as high or higher than areas with low educational levels.

Changing Places

Function change

The function of a place is what the place does for its community and its surroundings. Overtime, places that started off by providing a single function have become multifunctional

·        Administrative functions – organisations of services like waste disposal, collection or local taxes

·        Commercial and retail function – e.g. a place that is a main shopping destination or region

·        Industrial functions – some places are still strongly identified with particular industries

Demographic Change

·        Age structure – rural areas in the UK are increasingly elderly, while urban areas often have an increasing youthful population

·        Ethnic composition – Migrants arriving for Windrush after war

·        Gentrification – the process of improving an area to make it more acceptable to a wealthier social group, attracts higher income people into formerly poorer urban areas.

Reasons for the change

·        The role of local and national planning – national government policies to increase housing, improve accessibility and connectiveness (HS2) , national government policies to conserve culturally or environmentally important places, local planning grants or refuses permission for change to places

·        Accessibility and connectedness – Developing motorways and railway networks, increasing migration, access to fibre-optic broadband

·        Physical factors – coastal erosion, increasing flood risk, concern about climate change

·        Historical development – historic functions of a place are often no longer important, changes in residents needs and priorities, repurposing of historic buildings

·        Globalisation – Deindustrialisation in the UK as manufacturing companies have moved production to cheaper places, migration into the UK, Changes to retail.