Antiquity

  • Time period: 800 BCE – 500 CE
  • Focus on ideas about child health from Hippocrates and Aristotle.
  • Pediatrics did not exist during this period.

Middle Ages

  • Time period: 500 CE to 1500 CE
  • Catholic Church gained political power and formed alliances with monarchies.

Early Modern

  • Time period: 1500 CE to 1750 CE
  • Protestant Reformation and Scientific Revolution began undermining Church authority.
  • Enlightenment initiated changes leading to the Modern period.

Modern

  • Time period: 1750-Present
  • Enlightenment thinkers criticized traditions leading to secular governments.

Maternal Care

  • Child health seen as a female responsibility, similar to Antiquity.
  • Practices included swaddling and feeding infants breast milk.

Infanticide

  • Recognized practice in ancient Greece and Rome for children under one year old.

Childcare Knowledge

  • Oral poetry was a method for women to share childcare knowledge before the printing press.
  • The invention of the printing press in 1450 led to the first childcare health books.

Foundling Hospitals

  • Established by the Catholic Church to help abandoned children due to the condemnation of infanticide.

Pediatrics

  • Emerged in the 1880s in the U.S., focusing on child health monitoring via well-baby visits.

Development of Child Health Programs

  • Public health nursing aimed at low-income populations began emerging.
  • Well-baby visits crucial for monitoring growth and immunizations at various intervals.

Maternal Advice Literature

  • Pediatricians published literature guiding mothers on infant care topics.

Orphan Trains

  • Program in the U.S. to place children from foundling hospitals into rural homes, often with harsh realities.

Child Welfare Movement

  • Movement focusing on rescuing children from urban challenges, leading to juvenile court establishment and reforms.

The Three D’s

  • Depravity, Dirt, Disease identified as child welfare issues needing comprehensive solutions.

Child Labor & Compulsory Schooling

  • Highlighted through reform movements leading to child labor laws and mandatory education.

Hygienic Infrastructure

  • Development of sanitation infrastructure led to significant reductions in child mortality.

Progressivism

  • Emphasized societal improvement through planned interventions, contributing to demographic and epidemiological transitions.

Child & Maternal Mortality

  • Definitions:
    • Child mortality: deaths under five years expressed per 1,000 live births.
    • Maternal mortality: deaths related to pregnancy, childbirth, or six weeks thereafter.

Communicable vs. Non-communicable Diseases

  • Communicable: infectious diseases (e.g., influenza, tuberculosis).
  • Non-communicable: diseases not transmitted by germs (e.g., cancer, diabetes).

Eugenics

  • Originated from a desire for societal perfection based on perceived genetic superiority, leading to sterilization policies.

Medicalization

  • Framing societal issues as medical concerns for diagnosis and treatment.

The Children’s Bureau

  • Established in 1912 to address child welfare issues in the U.S.

Sheppard-Towner Act

  • First federal social welfare program targeting maternal and infant health funded by federal money.

Better Baby Contests & Incubator Shows

  • Events for evaluating infant health, emphasizing eugenic fitness.

Nature vs. Nurture

  • Debate over the influences that shape child development; both are important.

Developmental Plasticity

  • The concept that environmental factors significantly impact individual growth trajectories.

Behaviorism

  • Emphasized conditioning in understanding development, as seen in studies like Little Albert.

Health Disparities

  • Ine qualities in health outcomes linked to socioeconomic status and public policy.

Biotechnology

  • Manipulation of biological systems for health advancements, including gene splicing and mRNA vaccines.

Pharmaceuticalization

  • The expanding use of psychiatric drugs, with concerns over overprescription, particularly among youth.

Crisis of Agency

  • Examines youth power dynamics within healthcare and societal structures.

Pediatric Innovation

  • Shift towards recognizing mental health in pediatric practice by the mid-20th century.

Stigma & Social Construction

  • Stigma affects societal treatment of mental illness; social constructions shape human identity and interaction.

Racial Social Construction

  • Race has social implications despite lacking biological coherence; linked to health disparities.

Immigrant Health Paradox

  • Observation that immigrant populations often exhibit better health indicators than native-born despite socioeconomic challenges.

Adultification

  • Children viewed and treated as adults, often influenced by social stigmas and racism.

Prognostic Disclosure

  • Shift in pediatric approach towards more transparent communication about diagnoses and prognoses with children.