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Vocabulary with Definitions:

• Absolutism: A political system in which a single ruler or authority holds absolute power.

• Jean Bodin: A French lawyer and political philosopher, known for his theory of sovereignty.

• Divine Right: The doctrine that kings derive their authority from God and are not accountable to their subjects.

• Monarchy: A form of government with a monarch at the head.

• Bishop Jacques Bossuet: A French bishop and theologian, a prominent advocate of the divine right of kings.

• King Louis XIII: King of France from 1610 to 1643, noted for his weak leadership.

• Cardinal Richelieu: Chief minister to Louis XIII, known for his centralization of power in France.

• Intendants: Royal officials in France who were responsible for collecting taxes and administering justice.

• Taille: A direct tax on the French peasantry during the monarchy.

• Thirty Years War: A destructive conflict in Europe (1618-1648) involving many countries, primarily over religious and political issues.

• King Louis XIV: French king from 1643 to 1715, known for his long reign and the establishment of an absolute monarchy.

• Cardinal Mazarin: Successor to Richelieu, who continued the centralization of power under Louis XIV.

• The Fronde: A series of civil wars in France between 1648 and 1653, which challenged the authority of the monarchy.

• Versailles: A royal palace in France; symbol of the absolute monarchy of Louis XIV.

• The "Sun King": A nickname for Louis XIV, illustrating his belief that he was the center of the French universe.

• Estates: The social classes in pre-revolutionary France: the clergy, the nobility, and the common people.

• Parlements: Regional judicial bodies in France that could register royal edicts and were composed of nobility.

• Edict of Fontainebleau: A 1685 edict that revoked the Edict of Nantes, leading to the persecution of Huguenots.

• Huguenots: French Protestants who faced persecution under the Catholic monarchy.

• Jean-Baptiste Colbert: Minister of finance under Louis XIV, known for his economic reforms and mercantilist policies.

• Mercantilism: An economic theory that emphasizes government regulation of the economy to increase national power.

• Francois-Michel Le Tellier: Minister of War and a key figure in developing the French army under Louis XIV.

• Treaty of Ryswick: A treaty that ended the Nine Years' War in 1697, returning territories to their original owners.

• Mannerism: An art style that emerged in the late Renaissance, characterized by exaggerated proportions and dramatic poses.

• El Greco: A Greek painter known for his dramatic and expressionistic style.

• Baroque: An artistic style that emerged in the 17th century, known for its grandeur and emotional intensity.

• Peter Paul Rubens: A Flemish baroque painter known for his vibrant and dynamic compositions.

• Gian Lorenzo Bernini: An Italian sculptor and architect known for his Baroque sculptures and contributions to St. Peter's Basilica.

• Dutch Realism: An art movement characterized by lifelike representation and realistic depictions of everyday life.

• Rembrandt: A Dutch painter known for his contributions to Dutch Realism and his masterful use of light and shadow.

• William Shakespeare: An English playwright known for his works that explore human nature and society.

• Lope de Vega: A Spanish playwright and poet regarded as one of the founders of Spanish drama.

• Jean-Baptiste Moliere: A French playwright known for his comedic works, particularly in the genre of farce.

• Hohenzollern: A dynasty that ruled Brandenburg-Prussia and later the German Empire.

• Brandenburg-Prussia: A historic state in Germany that became a leading power in Europe.

• Frederick William the Great Elector: A ruler who laid the foundations for the state of Prussia in the 17th century.

• General War Commissariat: A government body in Prussia responsible for military affairs.

• Junkers: The landed nobility in Prussia, known for their political influence and military service.

• Hapsburgs: A prominent royal family that ruled over various territories in Europe, notably Austria.

• Leopold I: Holy Roman Emperor known for his wars with France and the Ottoman Empire.

• Tsar: The title of Russian emperors, derived from Caesar.

• Boyars: The Russian nobility, who held land and power in medieval and early modern Russia.

• Time of Troubles: A period of political chaos and foreign invasion in Russia (1598-1613).

• Peter the Great: Russian czar known for his extensive reforms to modernize Russia.

• Russian Orthodox Church: The national church of Russia, which played a significant role in Russian history.

• Saint Petersburg: A city founded by Peter the Great as a modern capital of Russia.

• Frederick William I: King in Prussia known for his military reforms and establishment of a strong army.

• General Directory: The governing body in Prussia that managed state affairs.

• Frederick II (the Great): King of Prussia known for his military victories and enlightenment policies.

• Maria Theresa: Empress of Austria who reformed her empire and preserved its integrity against external threats.

• Diet: A legislative assembly in the Holy Roman Empire, responsible for governance and lawmaking.

• Joseph II: Holy Roman Emperor known for his ambitious reforms aimed at modernizing the empire.

• Serfdom: A form of labor in which peasants are bound to the land and under the control of landowners.

• Catherine the Great: Empress of Russia who expanded the empire and promoted Westernization.

• The Dutch Republic: A federation of provinces in the Netherlands, known for its trade and maritime power.

• United Provinces: Another name for the Dutch Republic consisting of several provinces.

• Peace of Westphalia: A series of treaties in 1648 that ended the Thirty Years' War and established a new political order in Europe.

• Stadtholder: The chief executive in the Dutch Republic, often held by a member of the House of Orange.

• States General: The legislative assembly of the Dutch Republic.

• Amsterdam: The capital city of the Netherlands, an important center of trade and finance.

• Dutch East/West India Company: Trade companies established by the Dutch for trading in the East and West Indies.

• The Exchange Bank of Amsterdam: A major financial institution in the 17th century that established Amsterdam as a financial center.

• England: A country in the UK, influential in the development of constitutional monarchy.

• James I: King of England whose reign saw the rise of absolutism and conflicts with Parliament.

• Puritans: A group of English Protestants who sought to purify the Church of England from Roman Catholic practices.

• Gentry: The social class of wealthy landowners in England who did not have noble titles.

• Charles I: King of England whose conflict with Parliament led to the English Civil War.

• Petition of Rights: A constitutional document that limited the powers of the king and established certain rights of citizens.

• Ship Money: A tax that Charles I attempted to levy without parliamentary consent, causing unrest.

• William Laud: Archbishop of Canterbury known for his high church policies and persecution of Puritans.

• Long Parliament: The English Parliament that lasted from 1640 to 1660, which sought to limit royal prerogatives.

• Triennial Act: A law requiring Parliament to meet at least once every three years.

• John Pym: A leader of the parliamentary opposition during the English Civil War.

• English Civil War: A series of conflicts in England between the royalists and parliamentarians (1642-1651).

• Oliver Cromwell: A military and political leader during the English Civil War who later ruled as Lord Protector.

• Rump Parliament: The remaining members of the Long Parliament after Pride's Purge, which tried and executed Charles I.

• Levellers: A political movement during the English Civil War advocating for popular sovereignty and equal rights.

• Charles II: King of England who restored the monarchy after the English Civil War.

• Declaration of Indulgence: A policy by Charles II allowing for freedom of worship to Catholics and dissenters.

• Whigs: A political faction in England favoring parliamentary supremacy.

• Tories: A political faction in England supporting the authority of the monarchy.

• James II: King of England known for his Catholic policies and conflicts with Parliament, leading to the Glorious Revolution.

• Test Act: A series of acts that restricted political and civil rights of Catholics and dissenters in England.

• Glorious Revolution: The overthrow of James II in 1688, leading to the establishment of William and Mary's reign.

• William and Mary: The monarchs who ascended to the English throne after the Glorious Revolution, marking the start of constitutional monarchy.

• English Bill of Rights: An act that limited the powers of the monarchy and affirmed the rights of Parliament and citizens.

• Toleration Act: An act granting freedom of worship to nonconformists in England.