Quiz 1 - study guide

👶 INFANCY (0–12 months)

⭐ Erikson: Trust vs. Mistrust (MOST IMPORTANT)

  • Goal: Develop trust in caregivers

  • How? Feeding, holding, comforting, consistency

  • If unmet: mistrust, insecurity

🧠 Nursing tie-in:

  • Let caregiver hold infant during procedures (comfort + trust)

  • Consistent care routines

🧠 Piaget: Sensorimotor

  • Learn through senses & movement

  • Develop:

    • Object permanence (~8 months)

    • Cause & effect

🧠 Freud: Oral Stage

  • Pleasure from sucking, feeding

👶 INFANT MILESTONES (VERY HIGH YIELD)

Gross Motor

  • 1–3 mo: lifts head

  • 4–5 mo: rolls

  • 6 mo: sits tripod

  • 8 mo: sits alone

  • 9 mo: pulls to stand

  • 10–11 mo: cruises

  • 12 mo: walks

Fine Motor

  • 4–5 mo: grasp

  • 6 mo: transfers objects

  • 9 mo: pincer grasp ⭐

  • 12 mo: refined pincer

🧠 Reflexes (IMPORTANT)

  • Parachute reflex (6–9 months) → persists (protective)

  • Absence = neuro issue

🗣 Language

  • 2 mo: cooing

  • 6 mo: babbling

  • 9 mo: “mamama” (no meaning)

  • 12 mo: 1–3 words with meaning

⚠ SAFETY (VERY TESTED)

  • Rear-facing car seat entire infancy

  • Nothing in crib (no pillows, toys)

  • Back to sleep

  • Choking rule: if it fits in paper towel roll → unsafe

  • NEVER leave unattended (falls, drowning)

🚼 TODDLER (1–3 years)

⭐ Erikson: Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt (VERY HIGH YIELD)

  • “I do it myself”

  • Saying NO is normal

🧠 Nursing:

  • Give choices (not yes/no)

    • ❌ “Do you want vitals?”

    • ✅ “Do you want BP or temp first?”

🧠 Freud: Anal Stage

  • Focus: toilet training

🧠 Piaget: Preoperational (begins)

  • Egocentric

  • Pretend play

  • Animism (toys alive)

🚽 Toilet Training (HIGH YIELD)

  • Begins ~ 2 years

  • Signs:

    • Dry periods

    • Can follow commands

    • Aware of urge

❌ NEVER punish accidents

🚼 Toddler Behaviors

  • Tantrums = normal

  • Regression with stress

  • Separation anxiety (peaks again)

⚠ Safety

  • Rear-facing until ≥2 years

  • Poisoning risk → lock meds

  • Drowning risk → constant supervision

  • No calling meds “candy”

🧸 PRESCHOOL (3–6 years)

⭐ Erikson: Initiative vs. Guilt

  • Wants to explore, try new things

🧠 Piaget: Preoperational

  • Magical thinking

  • Think illness = punishment ⭐ (IMPORTANT)

🧠 Nursing:

  • ALWAYS explain:
    👉 “You didn’t do anything wrong”

🧠 Key Concepts

  • Imaginary friends

  • Egocentric thinking

  • Fear of mutilation (procedures)

⚠ Safety

  • Injury = #1 cause of death

  • Cannot judge danger

  • Teach simple rules (but still supervise)

🧑‍🏫 SCHOOL-AGE (6–12 years)

⭐ Erikson: Industry vs. Inferiority (VERY TESTED)

  • Wants to achieve, succeed

  • Failure → inferiority

🧠 Nursing:

  • Encourage participation

  • Praise accomplishments

🧠 Piaget: Concrete Operational

  • Logical thinking

  • Understand cause/effect

🧠 Key Points

  • Likes rules, structure

  • Peer approval important

⚠ Safety

  • Helmets

  • Stranger safety

  • Internet safety

🧑‍🎓 ADOLESCENT (11–20 years)

⭐ Erikson: Identity vs. Role Confusion

  • “Who am I?”

  • Peer influence VERY strong

🧠 Piaget: Formal Operations

  • Abstract thinking

  • Risk-taking

⚠ Key Risks

  • Suicide (HIGH YIELD)

  • Substance use

  • Peer pressure

🏥 ATRAUMATIC CARE (VERY TESTED)

⭐ Main Goal:

👉 Minimize stress, pain, separation

Key Strategies:

  • Keep parents present

  • Use simple language

  • Allow choices

  • Use play therapy

  • Prepare child based on age

💡 Communication (IMPORTANT)

Children take things literally

❌ “I’m going to take your blood”
✅ “I’m going to check your blood”

👶 Age-Specific Stress

Infant

  • Separation anxiety

  • Needs routine

Toddler

  • Loss of control

  • Regression

Preschool

  • Think illness = punishment

School-age

  • Fear failure, pain

Adolescent

  • Body image, independence

😨 HOSPITAL STRESS + COPING

Common Reactions

  • Anxiety

  • Regression

  • Fear

  • Anger

Separation Anxiety Phases

  1. Protest (crying)

  2. Despair (withdrawal)

  3. Detachment (appears okay but not)

How to Reduce Stress

  • Cluster care (don’t keep waking child)

  • Let child handle equipment

  • Explain everything

  • Use parents for comfort

  • Give control when possible

🛑 SAFETY IN HOSPITAL (TESTED)

Infants

  • Crib rails up

  • Safe toys only

Toddlers

  • NEVER leave alone

  • Remove small objects

Preschool

  • Explain simply

School-age

  • Involve in care

Adolescents

  • Privacy + independence

🧠 QUICK EXAM HINTS (SUPER HIGH-YIELD)

  • Erikson stages = ALWAYS TESTED

  • Toddler = autonomy + potty training

  • Preschool = magical thinking (illness = punishment)

  • Infant = reflexes + milestones

  • Safety questions = COMMON

  • Atraumatic care = family presence + reduce stress

  • Give choices to toddlers

  • Use simple language for kids

__________________________________________________________________

🧠 ERIKSON STAGES — EASY MEMORY TRICK

🔑 Core Trick (Story Method)

Think of a child growing up saying this:

👉 “Can I trust you?” (infant)
👉 “I do it!” (toddler)
👉 “Let me try!” (preschool)
👉 “I can do it well!” (school-age)
👉 “Who am I?” (adolescent)

🎯 Super Short Phrase (for exams)

👉 Trust → Do → Try → Achieve → Identity

💡 Even Easier Mnemonic:

👉 “Trusty Toddlers Initiate Industry Identity”

Breakdown:

  • Trust = Infant

  • Autonomy (Do) = Toddler

  • Initiative (Try) = Preschool

  • Industry (Achieve) = School-age

  • Identity = Adolescent

👶 AGE GROUP MEMORY HACK (VERY HIGH-YIELD)

🔢 Use THIS number pattern:

  • 0–1 → TRUST

  • 1–3 → AUTONOMY

  • 3–6 → INITIATIVE

  • 6–12 → INDUSTRY

  • 12+ → IDENTITY

🧠 Trick:

👉 “1, 3, 6, 12 = growing independence”

Each stage = more independence

  • Infant → dependent

  • Toddler → wants control

  • Preschool → tries things

  • School-age → masters skills

  • Teen → finds identity

🚼 TODDLER MEMORY TRICK (TEST FAVORITE)

🔑 “NO = NORMAL”

Toddler =
👉 Says NO
👉 Wants control
👉 Potty training

🎯 Trick:

👉 “TODDLER = TOILET + TANTRUM + ‘NO’”

🧸 PRESCHOOL MEMORY TRICK

🔑 “MAGICAL THINKERS”

👉 They think:

  • Illness = punishment ⭐

  • Thoughts cause events

🎯 Trick:

👉 “Preschool = Pretend + Punishment thinking”

🧑‍🏫 SCHOOL-AGE MEMORY TRICK

🔑 “I WANT TO WIN”

👉 Focus:

  • Achievement

  • Skills

  • Praise

🎯 Trick:

👉 “School-age = SCHOOL = SKILLS”

🧑‍🎓 ADOLESCENT MEMORY TRICK

🔑 “WHO AM I?”

👉 Identity crisis
👉 Peer pressure

🎯 Trick:

👉 “Teen = Identity + Independence + Image”

👶 INFANT MILESTONE MEMORY TRICK

🔑 “2–4–6–9–12 RULE”

  • 2 mo → coo

  • 4 mo → roll

  • 6 mo → sit

  • 9 mo → pincer grasp ⭐

  • 12 mo → walk + 1–3 words

🎯 Shortcut Phrase:

👉 “2-4-6-9 WALK & TALK at 12”

🧠 PIAGET QUICK MEMORY

👉 “S P C F”

  • Sensorimotor (baby)

  • Preoperational (toddler/preschool)

  • Concrete (school-age)

  • Formal (teen)

Trick:

👉 “Some People Can Fly”

🧠 FREUD QUICK MEMORY

👉 “Oral → Anal → Phallic → Latency → Genital”

Trick:

👉 “Old Angry People Love Gossip”

🚨 SAFETY MEMORY TRICK (VERY TESTED)

👶 Infant:

👉 “BACK, EMPTY, WATCH”

  • Back to sleep

  • Empty crib

  • Always watch

🚼 Toddler:

👉 “LOCK + WATCH + DON’T TRUST THEM”

  • Lock everything

  • Constant supervision

🧸 Preschool:

👉 “They THINK but don’t UNDERSTAND danger”

🏥 ATRAUMATIC CARE MEMORY TRICK

👉 “3 C’s”

  • Comfort

  • Control

  • Caregiver present

🔥 FINAL SUPER QUICK CHEAT SHEET

  • Infant → TRUST

  • Toddler → CONTROL (NO + potty)

  • Preschool → MAGICAL THINKING

  • School-age → ACHIEVEMENT

  • Adolescent → IDENTITY

________________________________________________________________

🏥 1. ATRAUMATIC CARE DETAILS (TESTABLE WORDING)

You know the concept—but they may ask specific interventions

Must know:

  • Use simple, non-scary words

    • ❌ “shot”

    • ✅ “small poke”

  • Child life specialist = reduces stress through play

  • Pain reduction tools

    • Buzzy

    • Numbing spray

    • Sweetease (infants)

👨‍👩‍👧 2. FAMILY-CENTERED CARE

Key idea:

👉 Parents = part of the care team

Know:

  • Keep parent + child together

  • Parents can:

    • Hold child during procedures

    • Help with care (diapers, meds)

  • Leads to:

    • ↓ anxiety

    • ↑ coping

    • ↑ recovery

🧠 3. SEPARATION ANXIETY (VERY TESTABLE)

Know the 3 stages EXACTLY:

  1. Protest → crying, screaming

  2. Despair → quiet, withdrawn

  3. Detachment → seems “fine” but isn’t

👉 Professors LOVE this

💉 4. IMMUNIZATIONS (BASIC PATTERN)

You don’t need to memorize ALL—but know:

Infant timeline:

  • 2 months = BIG vaccine time ⭐

  • Multiple vaccines given early

Key points:

  • IM site:

    • Infant → thigh

    • Older child → deltoid

  • DTaP (<7 yrs) vs Tdap (>7 yrs)

🏥 5. HOW TO REDUCE HOSPITAL STRESS (VERY IMPORTANT)

You mentioned this—yes, it WILL be tested.

Key strategies:

  • Cluster care (don’t wake child repeatedly)

  • Let child:

    • Touch equipment

    • Make choices

  • Explain procedures

  • Keep routines normal

  • Use favorite toys/blankets

🧠 6. DEVELOPMENTAL RESPONSES TO ILLNESS

You need to connect age → reaction

Examples:

  • Infant
    → separation anxiety

  • Toddler
    → loss of control + regression

  • Preschool
    → thinks illness = punishment ⭐

  • School-age
    → fear of failure, wants explanation

  • Adolescent
    → body image + peer separation

⚠ 7. SAFETY IN HOSPITAL (AGE-SPECIFIC)

Know differences:

  • Infant → crib rails

  • Toddler → never alone

  • Preschool → simple explanations

  • School-age → involve in care

  • Adolescent → privacy

🧠 8. HEALTH SUPERVISION (LIGHTLY TESTED)

Just know:

  • Focus = prevention + development

  • Includes:

    • Milestones

    • Screening

    • Immunizations

    • Anticipatory guidance