Unit 1 (D-E-M Systems) Unit Exam Vocabulary Review

Date: Next Wednesday, September $ext{24}^{ ext{th}}$
Total Marks: $40$ marks
Format: Closed book, written on paper
Composition:
- $4$ Written Response questions
- $1$ Matching section
- $31$ Multiple Choice questions
Time Allotment: You will have the entire block to complete the exam.
Allowed Materials on Desk: Only a water bottle, a writing utensil, an eraser, and other necessary items.
Preparation: Successfully answering the guiding questions below should help achieve a high mark. All resources, including notes and slides covered in class, are available on Brightspace. Ensure thorough review and study.

What are the specific roles of the mouth, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine in the processes of digestion and nutrient absorption?
Define emulsification. Explain its significance and importance in the digestion of lipids (fats).
Identify the organ responsible for producing bile. Where is bile stored before it is utilized in digestion?
What is the function of salivary amylase? Which macronutrient does it begin to act upon first?
Describe the role that bicarbonate, secreted by the pancreas, plays in the digestive process.
Why is a large surface area essential for the efficient functioning of the small intestine? Describe the structural adaptations that achieve this large surface area.
Which essential nutrient is a major structural and functional component of enzymes? Explain why this nutrient is so critical.
Differentiate between the nutrients that are absorbed into the bloodstream versus those absorbed into the lymphatic system. Explain the physiological reasons for this difference.
From the six main types of nutrients, identify which ones are required by the body only in relatively small quantities.
Explain how enzymes facilitate digestion. What is their primary function in this biological process?

What is the functional unit of the kidney? Enumerate and describe its main constituent parts.
Outline the three primary processes involved in urine formation: filtration, reabsorption, and secretion. Specify where each of these processes occurs within the nephron or kidney.
Which specific structure within the nephron is responsible for the initial filtration of blood? Explain the mechanism by which this filtration occurs.
Under what circumstances is dialysis necessary for patients? How does a dialysis machine functionally mimic the natural processes of a healthy nephron?
List substances that should, under normal physiological conditions, not be present in urine. Provide explanations for why their presence would indicate an abnormality.
Trace the pathway of urine transport out of the body, identifying all the structures involved in the correct sequence (nephron $o$ ureter $o$ bladder $o$ urethra).
Elaborate on the various ways in which the kidneys contribute to maintaining overall homeostasis in the body, specifically referencing pH balance, water balance, and waste removal.
Where exactly does the reabsorption of glucose take place within the nephron?

Identify and describe the three distinct types of muscles: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac. Discuss their similarities and differences in terms of structure, function, and control.
Explain the physiological necessity for skeletal muscles to operate in antagonistic pairs around a joint.
What is recognized as the smallest structural unit within a muscle? Describe how myofilaments (actin and myosin) interact with each other during the process of muscle contraction.
What is the crucial role of calcium ions in initiating and regulating muscle contraction? Where are these calcium ions primarily stored within muscle cells?
Detail the specific events and changes that occur at the sarcomere level during muscle contraction.
What is considered the very first step or event that initiates muscle contraction, particularly involving electrical signaling?
Differentiate between fast-twitch and slow-twitch muscle fibers, highlighting their structural and functional characteristics, and the types of activities they are best suited for.
Identify and explain one key connection or relationship between the muscular system and the digestive system (e.g., glycogen storage, peristalsis).