APUSH Unit 4, Chap 10-11 Cramming:
1. The Jeffersonian Era (1800-1812)
Election of 1800:
Known as the "Revolution of 1800" – peaceful transfer of power from Federalists to Democratic-Republicans.
Thomas Jefferson elected president.
Jefferson's Policies:
Reduced size of military and government spending (aimed for limited government).
Repealed excise taxes (e.g., Whiskey Tax).
Louisiana Purchase (1803):
Purchased from France for .
Doubled the size of the U.S.
Controversial: Jefferson, a strict constructionist, used implied powers.
Led to Lewis and Clark Expedition.
Marshall Court:
Marbury v. Madison (1803): Established judicial review – Supreme Court can declare laws unconstitutional.
McCulloch v. Maryland (1819): Upheld the constitutionality of the Bank of the United States; affirmed federal supremacy over states.
Gibbons v. Ogden (1824): Affirmed federal power over interstate commerce.
Foreign Policy Challenges:
Barbary Pirates: Jefferson sent navy to protect American shipping.
Impressment: British practice of seizing American sailors and forcing them into the British navy.
Embargo Act of 1807: Prohibited all American ships from sailing to foreign ports.
Disastrous for the American economy; repealed in 1809.
2. The War of 1812 (1812-1815)
Causes:
Impressment and British interference with American shipping.
British support for Native American resistance against U.S. expansion (e.g., Tecumseh's Confederacy).
War Hawks: Younger politicians (e.g., Henry Clay, John C. Calhoun) who pushed for war to reassert American rights and expand westward.
Key Events:
Invasion of Canada: Failed American attempt.
Burning of Washington D.C. by British forces.
Battle of New Orleans (1815): Andrew Jackson's decisive victory (fought after the peace treaty was signed).
Treaty of Ghent (1814):
Ended the war; essentially a return to pre-war status quo.
No territorial changes.
Impressment was not even mentioned.
Consequences:
Heightened nationalism and a sense of national identity.
End of the Federalist Party (Hartford Convention seen as unpatriotic).
Growth of American manufacturing due to blockades.
Increased respect for the U.S. internationally.
3. The Era of Good Feelings (1815-1825)
Presidency of James Monroe:
Period of relative political harmony following the War of 1812.
Decline of partisan conflict (Federalist Party dissolved).
Economic Nationalism:
American System (Henry Clay):
Protective tariffs: To promote American industry.
National Bank: To provide stable currency and credit.
Internal improvements: Federally funded infrastructure (roads, canals).
Tariff of 1816: First protective tariff in U.S. history.
Westward Expansion:
Missouri Compromise (1820):
Missouri admitted as a slave state, Maine as a free state.
Established the parallel as the dividing line for slavery in the Louisiana Purchase territory (north free, south slave).
Temporarily defused the slavery issue.
Foreign Policy:
Rush-Bagot Treaty (1817): Demilitarized the Great Lakes.
Adams-Onís Treaty (1819): U.S. acquired Florida from Spain.
Monroe Doctrine (1823):
Declared the Western Hemisphere closed to future European colonization.
Warned European powers not to interfere with independent nations in the Americas.
U.S. would not interfere in European affairs.
4. Early Industrialization and Social Changes
Transportation Revolution:
Roads: Improvement of existing roads and construction of new ones like the National Road, facilitating overland travel and trade.
Canals: The Erie Canal (completed 1825) was pivotal, connecting the Great Lakes to the Atlantic via the Hudson River, dramatically reducing shipping costs and travel time for goods and people.
Steamboats: Robert Fulton's Clermont (1807) demonstrated viability, making upstream travel efficient and contributing to growth along rivers.
Railroads: Began emerging in the 1830s, offering faster, more reliable transportation over land and connecting distant markets.
Market Revolution:
A fundamental shift from a largely self-sufficient agrarian economy to a more interconnected, commercial system based on the exchange of goods and services.
Increased specialization: Farmers began producing cash crops for sale rather than just subsistence.
Growth of a national market: Improved transportation linked regional economies, creating a broader market for manufactured goods and agricultural products.
Impact of Industrialization:
Factory System: Pioneered by textile mills. The Waltham and Lowell systems primarily employed young, unmarried women from rural New England farms, offering them temporary work and boarding.
Textile industry as a primary driver, utilizing water power and new machinery like cotton gins and power looms.
Growth of cities and urban centers as manufacturing jobs attracted rural populations and immigrants.
Emergence of a middle class (merchants, factory owners, professionals) and a growing wage-earning class (factory workers, day laborers).
Social Changes:
Changing roles for women: The "Cult of Domesticity" emerged, idealizing women's role in the home as moral guardians and nurturers, distinct from the public sphere of work and politics.
Increased distinction between work and home as men increasingly left the home for factory or office jobs.
Immigration: Irish and German immigration began to increase significantly in the 1830s and beyond, drawn by economic opportunities and fleeing hardship (e.g., Irish potato famine).
Irish immigrants often settled in cities, working in unskilled labor.
German immigrants often moved westward, becoming farmers or skilled artisans.