bio final
Chapter 9: Infectious agents & 1st and 2nd lines of defense
1. What is the smallest infectious agent because it is made up of only a protein?
Prions
2. What is the largest infectious agent?
Multicellular parisites
3. Which infectious agent is larger: viruses, bacteria or fungi?
Fungi
4. Review differences between animal eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. Which has a nucleus? Membrane-bound organelles? One circular chromosome rather than many linear chromosomes?
Eukaryotes have membrane bound organelles, many membrane bound organelles and many linear chromosomes. They have nucleus
Prokaryotes have one circular chromosome, and no membrane bound organelles but they have cell wall
5. What do animals cells lack on the outside of their cells that prokaryotic cells have and thus they make a good target for antibiotics? Cell wall
6. What type of cells (eukaryotic or prokaryotic) does each of the following have: bacteria, fungi, protozoa and multicellular parasites? Eaukaryotes have protozones, multicellular parasites and fingi
7. Are viruses living? What do we call them if we don’t call them cells? (the more we know about them the more they are in a gray area of living and non-living)
acellular infectious agents
8. What two things are all viruses made up of? What is the third component that only some viruses have on the outside? (fyi: many animal viruses have this 3rd component)
Non-living, no cellular structure, and intracellular parsites. They have wither DNA or RNA. SOME have envlopes (protein coats)
9. Do viruses spend most of their time outside or inside of cells? (are they intracellular or extracellular)
inside, they are considered intracellular parasites, as they require a host cell to replicate and propagate.
10. Explain what a prion is and why these infectious agents are so hard to treat.
A prion is denatured proteins with a secondary or tertiary appearance. When they co,e into the body, they look misfolded. Causes our healthy prions to look this way. Causes cell death and spongey brain (100% fatal).
11. Name 3 functions of the lymphatic system.
Returns extra fluid to raise the blood volume
Transports fat and vitamin
It defends the body against infection
Iin lymph nodes, throat, armpits and groin
12. What are the characteristics of the 1st and 2nd lines of defense? Contrast this to the 3rd line.
The first two are always the same defence. 1st is things like ph, body temp, ear wax, skin, coughing, sneezing, throwing up, and other physical barriers. Chemical barriers like Lysozymes (molecules In tears)
Genetic barrier: sickle cell anemia
The seco nd line is also non-specific, basophils that cause inflammatory responses, bacteria like proteins in blood and M.A.C
It has interferons that tell other cells to shut down or produce things that will help, fever, and natural killer cells.
Also has Phagocytes: neutrophils are the most common WBC, they move out and in in large numbers. Macrophages live in tissues forever, they act like guards. Both can engulf things
13. Are the first and second lines of defense fast in their response? Are they specific or nonspecific in recognition? Nonspecific and slow
14. Name some physical barriers of defense in the first line? Explain the microbiome.
The microbiome of bacteria helps protect you, along with things like nose hairs, ear wax, hair, ect.
15. Name some chemical barriers in the first line of defense. What is lysozyme?
Chemical barriers like Lysozymes (molecules In tears)
16. Explain 2 genetic barriers of defense. Are they a first, second or third line of defense?
Sickle cell anemia
17. Name two phagocytes (phagocytic cells) in the second line of defense. What is phagocytosis?
Phagocytes: neutrophils are the most common WBC, they move out and in in large numbers. Macrophages live in tissues forever, they act like guards. Both can engulf things
18. What two cells are important in producing histamine in the inflammatory response?
Basophils and mast cells
19. What two things happen as a result of histamine release (we discussed this in chapter 7 as well)?
The blood vessels “dialate” and blood vessels become more permeable which allows fluids, wbcs, and proteins to move out of the blood vessels and to the area that needs help
20. What are complement proteins? What infectious agent do they work best against?
25-30 plasma proteins that are best to combat bacteria. They form a M.A.C (membrane attack complex)
They get tons of holes made of proteins, which allows fluid into bacteria and kills it
21. What is a MAC?
25-30 plasma proteins get tons of holes made of proteins, which allows fluid into bacteria and kills it
22. Explain what interferons are. What infectious agent do they work best against?
inteferons that tell other cells to shut down or produce things that will help, fever, and natural killer cells. They work best against viruses
23. What type of white blood cell is a natural killer cell? How do they function?
Lymphocytes
24. How can a fever be advantageous in getting rid of infectious agents?
a fever is a sign that your body is actively working to combat an infection. It raises your temp to smoke out the bacteria/viruses, it increases WBC production, and increases metabolic rate.
Part 2 – 3rd line and vaccines
1. Describe generally the way B and T cells work. Are they specific or nonspecific? What does it mean to be specific in recognition?
They are specific. They’ve seen this shit before so they remember it and know how to attack it.
2. In what form does a T cell recognize an antigen compared to a B cell?
T cells only recognize processed (chopped up) antigens
B cells recognize antigens that are intact on infectious agents.
3. After an immune response with B and T cells, what type of cells are left behind for each of these cells types that are the basis for the secondary immune response and thus our long term immunity to that same infectious agent?
Memory cells
4. What specific B cells make antibodies?
Plasma cells
4. Name 4 things that antibodies can do to help stop or eliminate an infectious agent.
Cause clumping (viruses), neutralize antigens (bacteria), attract phagocytes, and activate compliment proteins
5. Describe the primary and secondary immune responses. Which is faster? Longer lasting? A stronger response?
The primary immune response is the initial reaction of the immune system to a specific antigen. This response is often slow and weak, but it results in the creation of memory cells that allow the body to remember the pathogen. The secondary immune response occurs upon subsequent exposures to the same antigen. It is faster, stronger, and more effective due to the presence of memory cells, which allow the body to mount a swift attack without symptoms in most cases.
6. What cells result from a primary immune response that gives us immunity in the secondary immune response?
Memory cells
7. Give two examples of passive immunity. Give two examples that would result in active immunity. Which is a vaccine considered?
Passive: mom passing down or monoclonal antibodies
Active: infection and vaccination
8. What is in a vaccine?
vaccine typically contains weakened or inactive parts of a particular organism (antigen) that triggers an immune response within the body without causing the disease itself.
9. What is the purpose of a vaccine?
Give your bodies memory cells so they can recognize the treat and kill it w/ no symptoms. Heard immunity
10. Do vaccines decrease the incidence of disease?
decrease
11. What is herd immunity and how does it help unvaccinated individuals?
If over 80% of the pop is vaccinated then it wont be spreading
12. Why might someone choose to not be vaccinated or not vaccinate their child?
The stigma that it causes autism
Part 3 – autoimmune diseases and antibiotics
1. What is an autoimmune disease?
A disease where your cells dectect other of your own cells as a problem.
2. What infectious agent are antibiotics meant to be used for?
bacterial
3. What would be a good structure on a bacterial cell to make antibiotics against because our animal eukaryotic cells lack this structure>?
The cell wall
4. Explain some things that humans do that contribute to the rise in antibiotic resistance. What can you or we do to stop this increase?
Not taking full dose, saving drugs for later use, and feeding antibiotics to livestock. Stop doing these things and only take them for a bacterial prescription
5. Why is it a poor practice to feed antibiotics to our food animals such as chickens and cows?
Antibiotic resistance cause were then eating those antibiotics
BIOS 1030 Study Guide - Chapter 10
1. What are some functions of the respiratory system? Trace the pathway of air through this system.
Moistens air, exchanges gasses, smell, speech, filters air and warms it
Nose/pharynx, Larynix, Trachea, Bronchi, Broncholies and Alveoli
2. Where specifically are gases exchanged in the respiratory system in the lungs? What are these structures covered in that allows the exchange into the rest of the body?
Alveoli. Theyre covered in Capillaries
3. What do alveoli and capillaries structurally have in common? (what are they made of and how thick are the cell layers)
They are single layer of epithelial tissue
4. What molecule is found in red blood cells that carries most of the oxygen around the body?
Hemoglobin
5. What does oxygen bind to on hemoglobin molecules? Be specific.
Iron molecules. One hemoglibin = 4 iron atoms
6. What are the conditions in the lungs (3) that allow efficient oxygen binding? What are the conditions in the body tissues that allows for oxygen to be released where it is needed in active tissues. Explain why active body cells/tissues would have a lower pH.
High oxygen levels, high PH and lower body temperature. The opposite conditions in the body tissues for o2 relese. Lower o2 lower ph and warmer temps
7. Where is most carbon dioxide (in a changed form) carried in the blood back to the lungs to be exhaled?
When blood reaches the lungs, bicarbonate ions are converted back into carbon dioxide in the red blood cells.
8. What is emphysema and what can cause it?
Emphysema is a chronic lung disease that causes shortness of breath due to damage to the alveoli (air sacs) in the lungs
9. How many major types of influenza viruses are there?
Four major types
10. We need yearly vaccinations for influenza. Explain why using the concept of antigenic drift.
Antigenic drift is yearly, small scale in surface proteins that make it look slightly different
11. What is antigenic shift as it relates to the influenza virus and why it is worrisome to humans?
It means there are constantly new strands and the new ones we have no pre-existing immunity to.
12. What type of infectious agent results in the flu? The cold?
virus
13. Why is it hard to make a vaccination against the common cold?
There are so many different strands scientist basically just guess what to put in it.
14. Describe what covid-19 is using type of infectious agent, how it is spread, some common symptoms
COVID-19 spreads mainly through respiratory droplets. Cough, fever, loss of taste, shortness of breath, sore throat, congestion
15. How many people had died of covid-19 in the US? What is the current vaccination rate in Ohio, the US or the world? Will any of these likely confer herd immunity based on what we talked about it class in Chapter 9?
No we didn’t reach heard immunity
16. Do tobacco products result in just a couple of types of cancers, one type or many types?
Yes, many types
17. What percent of people with lung cancer are current or former smokers?
90% of people with lung cancer are either current or former smokers
18. On average how many years of life do smokers lose compared to nonsmokers?
smokers lose about 12 to 13 years of their life compared to non-smokers
19. What is secondhand smoke? Thirdhand smoke? Are either thought to be harmful?
Secondhand smoke is the smoke that comes from the burning end of a cigarette
Thirdhand smoke refers to the residual nicotine and other chemicals that linger
20. What might be a new threat?
vaping
1. What are the two main divisions of the nervous system?
Central nervous system and Peripheral nervous system
2. There are three major types of neurons of the nervous system. Which is most numerous (hint: they reside in the CNS)? Which carries information from the peripheral nervous system to the central nervous system? Which carries information from the central nervous system to the peripheral nervous system to organs, glands etc…and which carries information within the central nervous system?
Sensory neurons are info youre intaking, so outside to brain
Interneurons are brain to spinal cord; they send info to get an outcome
Motor neurons are CNS > PNS
3. Name an important function of some glial/neuroglial cells and how they interact with axons on neurons. (think white and wrapping around)
Theyre the cheerleaders for neurons, support beurons and more myelination
4. Review the structure of a neuron and direction of information flow: cell body, dendrite and axon (chapter 4)
5. Why is the myelin sheath important? What are the nodes of Ranvier and what is saltatory conduction? What does this type of conduction do to the rate of a nerve impulse along an axon?
Saltatory conduction is when the cell is covered in myelination and the signals will jump from node to node and its 100x faster.
6. Explain the autoimmune disease multiple sclerosis.
It recognizes the own body’s cells are foreign. Specifically in MS, the myelination is damaged and the nerve impulse transmission is effected negatively.
7. What is the job of a neurotransmitter and what is a synaptic gap/synapse? What is the job of a neurotransmitter
Neurotransmitters are the brain's chemical messengers. Their job is to transmit signals from one neuron to another across the synapse (the gap between neurons)
8. Explain how the following protect and/or support the central nervous system: bones, meninges, blood-brain barrier and cerebrospinal fluid.
Bone- like the skull protects the brain
Cerebrospinal fluid is a think healthy fluid the brain bathes in. It also helps with shock absorption
Meninges is a membrane covering the brain and spinal cord
The blood brain barrier is a tight network of capillaries that block things from getting through
*** the brain is really good at protection cause its bad at repairs
9. Where is white and gray matter located in the brain? Spinal cord? (Inside or outside)
The outside is the neuron cells and the inside is white from all the melination
10. Is white matter completely developed very early in life or what did you learn from the article white matter matters?
Its developed as you age
11. What resides in the gray matter and what is the general function of the white matter based on what structures are found there.
The head of the neurons, the nucleus
The white is all different pathways you use for learning
12. Name the 4 major regions of the brain as discussed in the PowerPoint and their alternate names such as the primitive and emotional brain etc… Name a general function of each. Realize the brain is much more complicated!
Cerebellum is muscle memory, balance and coordination
The cerebrum is the higher thinking brain- passive thoughts
The limbic system is urges and drives, goals and sex
The Brain stem is the primitive brain, its sensory and relays infrom brain to spinal cord
13. In which lobe of the cerebrum does conscious thought and decision making occur?
Frontal lobe
14 What is meningitis? Shingles? Many nervous system diseases result because of a lack of enough neurotransmitter, be able to recognize a few.
Shingles is a secondary output of chicken pox. It effects your skin and is a VIRUS that lives in your system forever
Meningitis is a result of swollen meninges around the brain and spinal cord. Hearing loess, vision loss, ringing in the ears and sensitivity to light
14. How is chickenpox and shingles related?
Shingles is a secondary output of chicken pox.
16. Read, listen or watch any required materials.
1. Is the microbiome important to our over health including the nervous system? Does diversity of the gut microbiome appear to be important?
Yes very, you are what you eat and they help you with everything, especially digestion
2. What are the 5 main tastes found on the tongue?
Umani, sweet, salty, savory, and bitter
3. What would happen if you dried your tongue and place some sugar on the tip? Why?
You wouldn’t taste it. You need saliva to be able to taste
4. Follow the pathway of light through the eye as it is made into an image. Describe the function of the following structures: cornea, pupil, iris, lens, retina and optic nerve.
The cornea provides protection and surrounds the eye
The Iris is the colored part of your eye. It changes the size of the pupil
The pupil lets light into the eye, it has the vv
The rods do light and dark
The cones do color
The retnia is visual images
5. What two photoreceptor cells are found in the retina and what do each do?
The rods do light and dark
The cones do color
6. What is the problem is someone that is nearsighted? Farsighted?
If theyre nearsighted they can only see near them. The eye is too long and the projected vision doesn’t quite reach the retnia
If theyre farsighted they can only see far away from them. The eye is shorter and the projected vision is too far from the retnia
7. Explain what the eye demonstration of the plus and circle demonstrates.
Your blind spot where the optic nerve connects to the brain
8. What is the most common colorblindness and what causes it? Is it more common in men or women, why?
Red green colorblindness. Its cause by the red & green cones in ur eye to not work
More common in men because its sex-linked inhearatence
9. Follow the pathway of sound through the ear. Give the general function of the following structures: tympanic membrane, 3 ear bones, cochlea, hair cells and auditory nerve.
Tympanic membrane vibrates in response to sound waves
The three ear bones transer and pass the vibrations along
The cochlea converts vibrations into neural signals
The hair cells dance to vibrations in the cochlea and trigger an electrical signal
The auditory nerve carries electrical signals from cochlea to brain
9. What is the main function of the middle ear (think middle ear bones)? Inner ear as it relates to hearing (think cochlea)?
Carry sound forward into the ear
10. What is the function of the 3 semicircular canals/vestibular apparatus in the ear?
Balance and orientation
Chapter 13 - Diabetes
1. What does insulin do? Explain how normal blood sugar is regulated?
Insulin comes in after you eat to lower blood glucose levels by facilitating the uptake of glucose into cells where it can be used for energy or stored as glycogen in the liver and muscles
2. What does glucagon do?
The opposite, if you haven’t eaten and your blood glucose is getting low, your pancreas will send some glucagon in
3. Using insulin and glucagon, explain how normal blood sugar is regulated?
If it’s too low, glucogen. If its too high, insulin
4. Where is glycogen stored that helps raise blood sugar levels when levels get low?
Pancreas
5. Where is glucagon and insulin made?
Pancreas
6. About what percent of the US population has diabetes?
511.6
7. In general what is diabetes?
Your body doesn’t make or doesn’t recognize isulin
8. Describe the causes of Type I and Type II diabetes (think about and autoimmune disorder compared to insulin resistance). Type I is when your body doesn’t make any/enough insulin, we don’t know what causes it. Type II is when your body doesn’t recognize it, caused by genetics but also habits.
9. How common are each?
10. What is the common age for diagnosis of Type I and Type II?
Type one is <18 and type two is >40
11. What are some of the risk factors for Type II diabetes? Do you have any control over any of these? Contrast this with Type I, does a person with Type I diabetes have any control over it?
Risk factors: stroke, nerve damage, weight changes, heart attack,loss of feeling. You do have control over these in type II diabeaties. You do not have control over it in Type I.
12. How are each treated?
I) with supplemental insulin. II) with diet % exercise
13. What are some complications associated with having diabetes?
14. We discussed fasting glucose and A1C in blood chapter. What would the range be for these in order to be diagnosed with diabetes?
Normal blood glucose: 80-120 mg. Higher than this would indicate diabetes
Normal fasting blood glucose should be under 100mg. Higher than this would indicate diabetes
15. Read any articles and listen/watch to any assigned audio/video clips.
Food choices and health: S.A.D & a plant-based diet study guide
1. What does S.A.D. stand for related to diet?
Standard American diet
2. Describe that the diet of S.A.D. is made up of.
Red processed meat, butter, fried food, high-fat dairy and sugary drinks
3. In what types of food is fiber found in and why is it important for your health to have fiber in the foods you eat?
Found In plants. Important for regulating blood glucose and digestion
4. What is the protein consumption like in the US compared to the rest of the world? (you don’t need exact numbers)
222.2 lbs of meat per American a year vs 80lbs worldwide
5. Bacon, salami, sausage and others are processed meats. What disease is linked to eating these?
Cancer
5. What is the problem with eating processed foods rather than whole foods?
They have a long list of ingredients and high in fat and sugar, minimal nutritional value, and have been heavily modified.
6. How many in five deaths is attributed to a poor diet?
one
7. What do I mean when I say eat a rainbow?
Eat veggies and things with different colors
8. What is a plant-based diet like…name some of the foods included in this diet.
Diet made up of whole plant foods, minimally processed foods.
9. What is the general difference between a whole grain and white/processed grain?
Whole grains are complex carbs, more nutrients to eat and long lasting energy. Proessed grains are simple carbs, less nutrients and cause spikes in blood sugar.
11. Why are beans such as black, pinto and such a good choice to replace meat or help to limit meat in your diet? Theyre rich in protein, fiber and complex carbs.
12. Are there other non-meat items besides bean that contain protein? If so, what are some of them?
Fruits, veggies, nuts, seeds, and whole grains
13. What was the food is medicine clip about that you listened to? (this is at the end of the diabetes lecture)
14. Why should you shop the perimeter in a grocery store?
Where most refrigerated and fresh foods are.
15. What are silent foods?
Foods that don’t advertise
BIOS 1030 Study Guide
Chapter 14 – Digestion
1. Follow the order of structures as food passes through the body starting with the mouth.
Mouth, espohagus, tummy, small intestine, pancreas, liver, large intestine, colon
2. What is peristalsis?
Involuntary wave- like contractions of esophagus
3. Where does the digestion of carbohydrates begin? Proteins? Lipids?
Carbohydrates digestion begins in mouth
Protein digestion starts in stomach
Lipid digestion starts in mall intestine
4. What are 3 functions of the stomach?
Store, digest, and neutralize foods
5. Does the esophagus aid in digestion? Where does most digestion and absorption occur? What structures increase the surface area of this part of the digestive system?
No, it just moves food. Most digestion absorption happens in the mall intestine. The Villi increase surface area.
6. What is the function of the accessory organs in digestion: pancreas (2), gall bladder and liver?
Pancreas makes digestion proteins that a;;pw small intestine to breakdown food. It neutralizes acids from stomach to SI.
Liver produces proteins and vitamins, it detoxifies drugs and alcohol
The liver produces Bile that is stored in the gall bladder (helps breakdown fatty foods)
7. What other function does the pancreas have that is not related to digestion?
It regulates blood glucose
8. How does the absorption of lipids and protein differ?
Lipids it starts in the small intestine
Protein it startsin the stomach
9. How is bile used in lipid digestion? What is emulsification and how does it help in lipid digestion?
Bile helps breakdown fatty foods. Emulsification is “to cover”, bile emulsifies fat so it can be broken down further.
10. What happens in the large intestine?
Water absorption
11. What is the most common cause of ulcers in the stomach and small intestine? Can antibiotics be used to treat most ulcers?
Caffeine, soda, stress, and it’s a bacterial infection so yes antibiotics work.
12. Where is a largest amount of bacteria in the digestive tract and why is this important (does the microbiome have far reaching affects in the body)? Name a few.
The largest amount of bacteria is in the large intestine. Its important for digestion.
12. Know a little about each of the articles regarding gut microbiota. There is a summary on each slide but you are welcome to read the articles as well.
13. What kinds of things might you do or eat to lead to a healthier gut microbiome. (Hint I listed 7)
yogurt
14. Watch, read or listen to any assigned materials.
BIOS 1030 Study Guide - Chapter 15/16
Chapter 15 and Chapter 16 Part 1:
1. What organ is needed most often for donation?
kidney
2. Be able to recognize the parts of the urinary system. Where is urine made? Where is it stored? Through what tube does urine leave the body? Through what tube is it transferred from the kidney to the bladder?
Its made in the two kidneys, travels through the urters to get stored in the bladder, it leaves through the urethra.
3. What is a UTI? Do males or females get them more often and why?
Urinary Tract Infection. More common in females b/c the urethra opening is closer to the anus.
4. Why is sexual reproduction important for the long term survival of many species? Watch the short video.
Eveloution.
5. Name the functions of the following: testes, epididymis, vas deferens and the urethra in reproduction.
Testes (in ball sack) sperm is made here, testosterone is made here.
Epididymis- tube that carries sperm and picks up material from grands for sex.
Vas deferns- tube that carries sperm and picks up materials from glands for sex.
3 Glands- add materials to make up semen.
1 urethra tube thru which semen leaves the body
1 penis- urethra found here. Used for cum and pee.
6. List the path of the sperm and know that there are 3 glands that contribute to semen production (2 are pairs of glands and one is a single gland but you do not need to know their names).
Epididymis, van deferens, sperm + gland products, and then urethra
7. Name the structures of the female reproductive system.
Ovaries, fallopian tube, uterus, cervix, and vagina.
8. Where does fertilization take place? Implantation?
Takes place in the fallopian tube(s). implantzation happens in the uterus.
9. What is ovulation?
Once a month one egg will go thru immature cycle.
10. Name the three major types of birth control methods. Which one(s) aid in preventing sexually transmitted infections/diseases?
Condoms, pill, ring
Chapter 16 Part 2 – Reproductive Infections
1. What causes chlamydia and gonorrhea? What are the symptoms? Can they be treated with antibiotics? Do they always cause symptoms? What can be a long term consequence of either of these infections?
bacteria
2. What is pelvic inflammatory disease? What can cause it
An infection of the female reproductive organs, caused by STI’s.
? What is an ectopic pregnancy?
A pregnancy that occurs outside the main cavity of the uterus, most often in a fallopian tube
3. What is the general difference between Type I ,and Type II herpes (think location of the body)? What are the symptoms? Is this disease curable? Treatable?
Type I is oral herpes. Symptoms: painful blisters, sores, fever, swollen lymph nodes and a sore throat. Type II is genital herpes. Symptoms: painful genital sores, itching/burning there and fever. Herpes is not curable. Once you have the virus, it stays in your body for life. antiviral medications can help manage symptoms, reduce the frequency of outbreaks
4. Can HSV be transferred to another person even when they aren’t showing symptoms? Can you protect yourself from this 100% if you are having sexually contact with another person (not necessarily intercourse)?
Yes, HSV can be transmitted even when there are no visible symptoms. While there's no 100% guarantee to protect yourself from herpes, you can reduce the risk by using condoms, abstinence and conversations.
5. What is HPV? Does it usually have symptoms? How is it usually detected in women? How common was it in the study done in college aged women over 5 years? Why is this infection worrisome for women?
a common virus that can cause warts and is often transmitted through sexual contact. Most HPV infections are asymptomatic. HPV is typically detected through Pap smears. Studies show that HPV is highly prevalent among college-aged women. HPV is concerning because certain high-risk strains can lead to cancers such as cervical, vaginal, and vulvar cancers
6. What is the vaccine for? What does it consist of and why? Can you still get cervical cancer if you have had the vaccine for HPV?
To protect against HPV. Yes, you can still get cancer, it doesn’t protect against all forms of HPV.
1. Explain the greenhouse effect?
2. What greenhouse gas is emitted in the largest amounts by humans because of transportation, fossil fuel use etc…?
3. What greenhouse gas that is emitted by cows and decomposing food is contributing to climate change?
4. Explain the changes can we expect to see on our planet because of climate change and global warming? Would these changes continue even if we stopped all the activities contributing to them today?
5. Carbon dioxide is taken out of the air by trees and thus they are called carbon sinks. Where else is a carbon sink?
6. About what percentage of food is wasted in the US? Also, which gas is emitted by food waste than ends up in landfills?
7. Which group of animals were mentioned has being highly affected by pollution such as lead and rat poison?
8. Chemical pollution is affecting pollinators. Whey are pollinators important for our food (how many bites of food out of 3 are a result of pollinators)?
9. What is a single use plastic? Do you use any? How could you use less of them?
10. What are microplastics and where do they come from?
11. Are microplastics harmful to the environment and animal species?
12. What are some things you can do to help decrease plastic pollution?
13. What is noise pollution?
14. Does noise pollution on only effect animals on land. Understand some of the animals that it affects and how such as birds and narwhals.
15. What is light pollution and why it is a problem for birds and sea turtles? What is Lights Out Ohio?
BIOS 1030 Study Guide - Chapter 24: Parts 1 and 2
Part 1:
1. What is the overview effect and how did it change the way people viewed the planet?
The Overview Effect is a profound shift in perspective reported by astronauts who have seen the Earth from space.
2. Define biodiversity and give some reasons why it might be considered important.
The variability of life on earth. Its important for human survival (lumbar, food, medicinal values), symbols, psychological value and how all life is interconnected
3. What group of animals are the most common organisms on the planet?
insects
4. What is a keystone species? Why might it be important to identify these species? Watch the video on how wolves changed the rivers.
A keystone species is a species that keep the area diverse
5. Name the 3 biodiversity hotspots around the world?
Coral reefs, islands and tropical rainforests
6. Why are some species more at risk that others?
Overexplitation, habitat loss, low reproduction rate
7. What is the shape of the curve of human population growth?
exponential growth. Almost a right angle
8. How many mass extinctions have there been in the past? What is the number of the current mass extinction if we are in one? Five, and were in the sixth.
9. If we are entering another mass extinction what number would it be and how is it different from past mass extinctions? Think about rate of extinction and time. Six, and the rate of species extinion due to human activity is happening way faster than normal.
10. Read and listen to all required articles, videos and audio clips!
Part 2:
1. What is the biggest threat to biodiversity overall?
Habitat loss
2. What is the biggest threat for terrestrial organisms?
Habitat loss
3. What is the biggest threat for marine organisms?
Overexploitation
4. Explain what an invasive species is.
Non-native species thatbring harm to local species by being better at compeating for resources
5. Explain what overexploitation and overharvesting is.
Overexploitation and overharvesting refer to the excessive extraction of natural resources, including plants, animals, and minerals, to the point where their population
6. Where on the planet is overexploitation and overharvesting the biggest problem?
The Ocean
7. Explain how roads contribute to habitat loss or degradation.
They block animal’s paths from one way to another. They have to destry many trees just to build a highway
8. Why are lawns poor habitat for wildlife?
Lawns are a desert.
9. What does it mean to say that habitat might not be entirely lost but it is degraded?
Less trees, resources and less animals.
10. What are the 2 main underlying things that humans do that increases disease spread and pandemics? overexploitation and overharvesting
BIOS 1030 Chapter 24 Study Guide: Part 4
1. What are green roofs and why are they important? Which building on the OU Athens campus was given a green roof in 2020? Schoonover has a green roof. Its important to conserve energy and creates a new habitat for wildlife.
2. How has the bald eagle population changed in Ohio and what promoted this change?
In 1997, there were only four nests in US but after the ban of DDT, that number went up
3. Which forest is about 10 miles from Ohio University that at one time was cut down for farmland but has since regrown with help by planting trees and stopping farming on this land?
Wayne
4. What is the new project that just opened its first 26 miles of trails in 2020 in the forest from question Land trusts
5. What is the creative way that pollution from acid mine drainage is being used to raise awareness and make money as well as cleaning up waterways? paint
6. What is a land trust and what do they do? What is the name of the local land trust?
7. Why are conservation easements important (what do they do for land and habitat)?
They keep land and habitats safe
8. Name some things you can do to help the environment locally or globally.
Reduce, have two kids, shop local, meatless Mondays, consume less animal produce, drive hybrid
9. What is Meatless Monday? Who or what benefits from this?
A day where you don’t eat meant. Benefits you as a consumer and the environment
10. Explain some advantages to shopping at the Athens farmer’s market.
Shopping local and heathier produce
11. Explain what citizen science is. What topics are most citizen science projects in?
Science and experiments citizens can do at home
12. Explain why citizen science is important.
It raises awareness and having eyes and ears all over the country helps scientists explain common trends that area and why
13. What and when was the first formal citizen science project?
Christmas Bird