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Study Guide: Section 1 Astronomy and Origin of Earth’s Oceans
1. Universe Origins
Fill in the Blanks:
The universe began approximately ________ billion years ago with an event called the _________.
As the universe continued to expand and cool, _______________ converted into ________________and antimatter
________ were the first elements to form after the Big Bang.
Practice Questions:
4. What is the significance of the cosmic microwave background radiation in understanding the universe's origins?
5. Describe how elements heavier than hydrogen and helium formed in the universe.
2. Origins of Earth and Solar System/Nucleosynthesis/Nebular Condensation Theory
Fill in the Blanks:
6. The solar system formed from a rotating ________ of gas and dust approximately ________ billion years ago.
7. The process where heavier elements like ________ sank to Earth’s core and lighter materials rose to form the crust is called ________.
8. Elements like carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen were created in ________ through the process of nucleosynthesis.
Practice Questions:
9. Explain the steps of the nebular condensation theory, from a nebula to planet formation.
10. Why is differentiation important in the formation of Earth’s layers?
3. Star’s Lives
Fill in the Blanks:
11. Stars fuse ________ into ________ in their cores during their main sequence.
12. Heavier elements up to iron are created in stars through ________, while elements heavier than iron form during ________.
13. The end stages of a star’s life can result in a ________, ________, or ________, depending on its mass.
Practice Questions:
14. Why can’t stars produce elements heavier than iron during normal fusion processes?
15. What role do supernovae play in enriching the universe with heavy elements?
4. Origins of Water on Earth
Fill in the Blanks:
16. Water on Earth likely came from ________ and ________, which delivered water and icy compounds.
17. Another source of water was ________, where volcanic activity released water vapor into the atmosphere.
18. The process of water vapor condensing into liquid formed Earth's first ________.
Practice Questions:
19. Compare the roles of comets/asteroids and volcanic outgassing in the formation of Earth's oceans.
20. Why doesn’t the regular water cycle explain the origins of Earth’s water?
5. Origins of Life on Earth
Fill in the Blanks:
21. The first life forms were simple ________ organisms that did not require ________.
22. Hydrothermal vents provided essential ________ and ________ for early life.
23. The Miller-Urey experiment showed that organic molecules like ________ could form under prebiotic conditions.
Practice Questions:
24. Why are hydrothermal vents considered a possible location for the origin of life?
25. How did the Miller-Urey experiment contribute to our understanding of the origin of life?
6. Oxygen Catastrophe
Fill in the Blanks:
26. The first organisms to produce oxygen in large amounts were ________, which performed ________.
27. Oxygen reacted with ________, reducing greenhouse gases and cooling the Earth.
28. The increase in oxygen caused a mass extinction of ________ organisms.
Practice Questions:
29. How did the oxygen produced by cyanobacteria impact Earth’s atmosphere and climate?
30. Why is the Oxygen Catastrophe considered both a crisis and an opportunity for life on Earth?
7. Plate Tectonics
Fill in the Blanks:
31. ________ boundaries create mid-ocean ridges through the process of ________.
32. ________ boundaries form trenches where one plate subducts beneath another.
33. Volcanic island chains like Hawaii are formed over ________, where magma rises from the mantle.
Practice Questions:
34. How does seafloor spreading at divergent boundaries contribute to the growth of ocean basins? Where does the old seafloor go too?
35. Why are convergent boundaries often associated with volcanic activity? What underwater feature forms at these convergent subduction zones?
Density Practice Problems
36. A Mystery Metal
A block of metal has a mass of 540 grams and a volume of 200 cm³. What is the density of the metal?
37. Comparing Materials
Material A has a mass of 150 grams and a volume of 50 cm³, while Material B has a mass of 200 grams and a volume of 80 cm³. Which material is denser? Show your calculations.
38. Floating or Sinking?
A cube of wood has a density of 0.8 g/cm³. If the density of water is 1.0 g/cm³, will the wood float or sink in water? Explain why using density.
39. Finding the Mass
A liquid has a density of 1.5 g/mL, and its volume is 200 mL. What is the mass of the liquid?
40. Density of a Rock
A rock is dropped into a graduated cylinder containing water. The water level rises from 50 mL to 70 mL, and the rock has a mass of 120 grams. What is the density of the rock?
41. Calculating Volume and Density
A rectangular prism has dimensions of 5 cm × 3 cm × 2 cm. If the prism has a mass of 90 grams, what is its density?
42. Identifying a Substance
You find an unknown material with a mass of 78 grams and a volume of 30 cm³. Using the chart below, identify the material based on its density:
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Universe Origins
13.8; Big Bang
Energy and Matter
Hydrogen and helium
It provides a snapshot of the universe shortly after the Big Bang, showing residual heat.
Elements heavier than hydrogen and helium were formed in stars through nucleosynthesis and supernova explosions.
Origins of Earth and Solar System
Nebula; 4.6
Iron; differentiation
Stars
A cloud of gas and dust collapses, flattens into a spinning disc, and forms the Sun and planets. Plants form through accretion
Differentiation allowed Earth to separate into layers, concentrating denser materials in the core.
Star’s Lives
Hydrogen; helium
Fusion; supernovae
White dwarf, neutron star, or black hole
Fusion of iron requires more energy than it releases, halting the process.
Supernovae scatter heavy elements, enriching the universe and enabling the formation of planets and life.
Origins of Water on Earth
Comets; asteroids
Volcanic outgassing
Oceans
Comets delivered water-rich ice; volcanic outgassing released water vapor.
The water cycle is a recycling process; it does not create new water.
Origins of Life on Earth
Unicellular; oxygen
Heat; chemicals
Amino acids
Hydrothermal vents provide heat, minerals, and energy for early life forms.They also provided protection from harsh early Earth environments
It showed that organic molecules like amino acids could form under conditions mimicking early Earth.
Oxygen Catastrophe
Cyanobacteria; photosynthesis
Methane
Anaerobic;
Oxygen reacted with methane, reducing greenhouse gases and cooling the planet.
It killed anaerobic organisms but allowed oxygen-dependent life to evolve.
Plate Tectonics
Divergent; seafloor spreading
Convergent
Hotspots
New crust forms, pushing older crust outward. Old crust gets recycled at subduction zones
Subduction causes melting and volcanic eruptions. Ocean trenches form here too
Density
36. Answer: 2.7 g/cm³
37.
Answer: Material A is denser (3.0 g/cm³ vs. 2.5 g/cm³).
38.
The wood will float because its density (0.8 g/cm³) is less than the density of water (1.0 g/cm³). Objects with lower density than the fluid they are in will float.
39.
Answer: 300 grams
40.Answer: 6.0 g/cm³
41.Answer: 3.0 g/cm³
42. Answer: The material is basalt.
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